{"id":20546,"date":"2021-03-08T14:40:05","date_gmt":"2021-03-08T14:40:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/prrscontrolidiomas.advertis.es\/2-un-origen-incierto\/"},"modified":"2021-03-26T08:40:13","modified_gmt":"2021-03-26T08:40:13","slug":"un-origen-incierto","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/prrs-la-enfermedad\/un-origen-incierto\/","title":{"rendered":"<span>2<\/span> Un origen incierto"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><p>[vc_row][vc_column width=\u00bb1\/1&#8243;][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #003896;\">Un origen incierto<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>A <strong>finales de la d\u00e9cada de los 80s<\/strong>, se inform\u00f3 de la aparici\u00f3n de una enfermedad, hasta entonces desconocida, que se caracterizaba por p\u00e9rdidas reproductivas graves hacia el final de la gestaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<p>La enfermedad tambi\u00e9n afectaba a los lechones, increment\u00e1ndose el n\u00famero de nacidos d\u00e9biles y las tasas de mortalidad en las fases de maternidad y transici\u00f3n. Adem\u00e1s, causaba neumon\u00eda grave y afectaba negativamente a los par\u00e1metros productivos.<\/p>\n<p>El primer brote cl\u00ednico de esta nueva enfermedad fue descrito en Carolina del Norte (EE.UU., 1987). Apenas unos a\u00f1os despu\u00e9s (1990), un brote cl\u00ednico muy similar fue descrito en M\u00fcnster (Alemania). <strong>Hasta la fecha<\/strong> no se ha podido encontrar conexi\u00f3n alguna entre los <strong>brotes de Europa y los de EE.UU<\/strong>. En los a\u00f1os siguientes, el virus se disemin\u00f3 r\u00e1pidamente por otros pa\u00edses.<\/p>\n<p>Tras usar diferentes nombres como Mystery swine disease (Enfermedad misteriosa del cerdo) o Blue-ear pig disease (Enfermedad de la oreja azul), el nombre actual <strong>S\u00edndrome reproductivo y respiratorio porcino<\/strong> fue finalmente adoptado en el primer congreso internacional de la enfermedad (1992, EE.UU.).<\/p>\n<p>El agente causal del PRRS fue aislado por primera vez en 1991 en el Central Veterinary Institute en Lelystad (Holanda), usando macr\u00f3fagos alveolares del cerdo; la cepa aislada se conoce como virus Lelystad. Los postulados de Koch tambi\u00e9n fueron demostrados. Un a\u00f1o despu\u00e9s, el agente fue aislado a partir de los brotes de EE.UU. usando la l\u00ednea celular CL-2621; esta cepa es conocida como VR-2332.<\/p>\n<p>Los primeros an\u00e1lisis gen\u00e9ticos demostraron que:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Ambos aislados eran el mismo virus, aunque pertenec\u00edan a dos genotipos distintos (actualmente son considerados como dos especies v\u00edricas distintas: <strong>PRRSV1<\/strong> y <strong>PRRSV2<\/strong>)<\/li>\n<li>Ambos compart\u00edan propiedades similares a otros virus del g\u00e9nero <em>Arterivirus<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text]<div class=\"single_image wpb_content_element align-left  animate image_box_rounded image_zoom \" data-animation=\"fade-in\" data-delay=\"300\"><a href=\"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/deteccion-del-antigeno-del-virus-del-PRRS-por-inmunofluorescencia.jpg\" class=\"prettyPhoto\" rel=\"prettyPhoto[image]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1400\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/deteccion-del-antigeno-del-virus-del-PRRS-por-inmunofluorescencia.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full\" alt=\"\" title=\"deteccion-del-antigeno-del-virus-del-PRRS-por-inmunofluorescencia\" srcset=\"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/deteccion-del-antigeno-del-virus-del-PRRS-por-inmunofluorescencia.jpg 1400w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/deteccion-del-antigeno-del-virus-del-PRRS-por-inmunofluorescencia-300x107.jpg 300w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/deteccion-del-antigeno-del-virus-del-PRRS-por-inmunofluorescencia-768x274.jpg 768w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/deteccion-del-antigeno-del-virus-del-PRRS-por-inmunofluorescencia-1024x366.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/deteccion-del-antigeno-del-virus-del-PRRS-por-inmunofluorescencia-750x268.jpg 750w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/deteccion-del-antigeno-del-virus-del-PRRS-por-inmunofluorescencia-1140x407.jpg 1140w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\" \/><\/a><\/div>[vc_column_text]Mediante estudios serol\u00f3gicos retrospectivos, se ha determinado que la evidencia m\u00e1s temprana que tenemos del virus del PRRS pertenece a sueros de Canad\u00e1 (1979). En los EE.UU., no se ha encontrado evidencia de la infecci\u00f3n en sueros hasta 1985. Su prevalencia increment\u00f3 r\u00e1pidamente hasta 1988-89, cuando se describieron los primeros brotes cl\u00ednicos. Un patr\u00f3n similar pudo haber ocurrido en Europa.<\/p>\n<p>En Asia, aunque los primeros brotes fueron descritos en Jap\u00f3n en 1988, la presencia de anticuerpos en suero ha sido retrospectivamente documentada en Corea del Sur desde 1985.<\/p>\n<p>Estos resultados sugieren que <strong>el virus del PRRS estuvo presente en los cerdos dom\u00e9sticos durante a\u00f1os<\/strong> antes de que se describieran los primeros brotes.[\/vc_column_text]<div class=\"single_image wpb_content_element align-left  animate image_box_rounded image_zoom \" data-animation=\"fade-in\" data-delay=\"300\"><a href=\"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/primera-deteccion-de-anticuerpos-frente-al-virus-del-PRRS-en-estudios-serologicos-retrospectivos.jpg\" class=\"prettyPhoto\" rel=\"prettyPhoto[image]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1400\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/primera-deteccion-de-anticuerpos-frente-al-virus-del-PRRS-en-estudios-serologicos-retrospectivos.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full\" alt=\"\" title=\"primera-deteccion-de-anticuerpos-frente-al-virus-del-PRRS-en-estudios-serologicos-retrospectivos\" srcset=\"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/primera-deteccion-de-anticuerpos-frente-al-virus-del-PRRS-en-estudios-serologicos-retrospectivos.jpg 1400w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/primera-deteccion-de-anticuerpos-frente-al-virus-del-PRRS-en-estudios-serologicos-retrospectivos-300x193.jpg 300w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/primera-deteccion-de-anticuerpos-frente-al-virus-del-PRRS-en-estudios-serologicos-retrospectivos-768x494.jpg 768w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/primera-deteccion-de-anticuerpos-frente-al-virus-del-PRRS-en-estudios-serologicos-retrospectivos-1024x658.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/primera-deteccion-de-anticuerpos-frente-al-virus-del-PRRS-en-estudios-serologicos-retrospectivos-750x482.jpg 750w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/primera-deteccion-de-anticuerpos-frente-al-virus-del-PRRS-en-estudios-serologicos-retrospectivos-1140x733.jpg 1140w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\" \/><\/a><\/div>[vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Curiosamente, estamos ante una enfermedad causada por un virus con cepas distintas (actualmente consideradas como dos especies distintas) que aparecieron casi simult\u00e1neamente en tres continentes distintos. Las posibles explicaciones que se han planteado para poder esclarecer este hecho no est\u00e1n del todo claras.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Se han propuesto hasta tres hip\u00f3tesis intentando explicar el origen incierto del virus:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Origen cercano en el tiempo<\/strong>. El virus se origin\u00f3 apenas una d\u00e9cada antes de que\u00a0emergiera en los cerdos dom\u00e9sticos. Esta hip\u00f3tesis implicar\u00eda que dos genotipos\u00a0distintos habr\u00edan aparecido en un periodo de tiempo muy corto y que el virus deber\u00eda\u00a0tener una tasa de mutaci\u00f3n excesivamente alta incluso para el virus del PRRS.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Origen lejano en el tiempo<\/strong>.\u00a0Los genotipos\/especies habr\u00edan evolucionado\u00a0independientemente. As\u00ed, el ancestro com\u00fan m\u00e1s reciente habr\u00eda existido al menos\u00a0100 a\u00f1os antes de la aparici\u00f3n de la enfermedad: <strong>Usando la ORF3 como reloj molecular, se ha estimado que el virus del PRRS podr\u00eda\u00a0haberse originado en\u00a01880\u00b115 a\u00f1os<\/strong>. Por tanto, los genotipos habr\u00edan evolucionado durante d\u00e9cadas en dos ambientes diferentes, totalmente aislados el uno del otro, antes de emerger en los cerdos. Esta\u00a0estimaci\u00f3n es compatible con la hip\u00f3tesis postulada por Plagemann (2003). Seg\u00fan este autor, el virus del PRRS se habr\u00eda originado a partir de un ancestro similar\u00a0al virus elevador de la lactato deshidrogenasa (otro Arterivirus) en ratones de Europa\u00a0del Este. Este ancestro habr\u00eda saltado desde el rat\u00f3n a los jabal\u00eds; el movimiento de\u00a0estos animales hacia reservas de caza de EE.UU. habr\u00eda hecho posible la diseminaci\u00f3n\u00a0del ancestro en Am\u00e9rica del Norte. A partir de entonces, el virus habr\u00eda evolucionado\u00a0en paralelo en ambos continentes. Finalmente, los cambios en la producci\u00f3n porcina\u00a0habr\u00edan facilitado la aparici\u00f3n de la enfermedad. A pesar de la coherencia que existe entre esta hip\u00f3tesis y el an\u00e1lisis del reloj molecular,\u00a0no hay evidencias de que haya existido un ancestro com\u00fan en ratones o jabal\u00eds.<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\"><strong>El virus del PRRS habr\u00eda emergido en la extinta Uni\u00f3n Sovi\u00e9tica.<\/strong> Tras la Segunda\u00a0Guerra Mundial, el ancestro habr\u00eda llegado a Europa Occidental desde el Este. De\u00a0nuevo, cambios en la producci\u00f3n porcina y en el movimiento de reproductoras o\u00a0de semen habr\u00edan facilitado la dispersi\u00f3n del virus y la aparici\u00f3n de la enfermedad.\u00a0En este caso, se ha sugerido que el virus habr\u00eda llegado a EE.UU. a trav\u00e9s de la\u00a0importaci\u00f3n de minipigs.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text el_class=\u00bbaviso\u00bb]<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a9 Laboratorios Hipra, S.A. 2026. Reservados todos los derechos.<br \/>\nNinguna parte de este sitio web o cualquiera de sus contenidos puede ser reproducido, copiado, modificado o adaptado, sin el consentimiento previo por escrito de HIPRA.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row top_padding=\u00bb30&#8243; row_id=\u00bbreferencias\u00bb][vc_column width=\u00bb1\/1&#8243;]<div class=\"toggle\"><div class=\"toggle-title \"><i class='fa fal fa-book'><\/i>Referencias<\/div><div class=\"toggle-inner\"><p>\n<ul>\n<li>Allan GM, McNeilly F, Ellis J, Krakowka S, Meehan B, McNair I, Walker I, Kennedy S. Experimental infection of colostrum deprived piglets with porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) potentiates PCV2 replication. Arch Virol. 2000, 145:2421-9.<\/li>\n<li>Baron T, Albina E, Leforban Y, Madec F, Guilmoto H, Plana Duran J, Vannier P. Report on the first outbreaks of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) in France. 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La enfermedad tambi\u00e9n afectaba a los lechones, increment\u00e1ndose el n\u00famero de nacidos d\u00e9biles y las tasas de mortalidad en las fases de maternidad y transici\u00f3n. Adem\u00e1s, causaba neumon\u00eda grave y afectaba negativamente a los par\u00e1metros productivos. El primer brote cl\u00ednico de esta nueva enfermedad fue descrito en Carolina del Norte (EE.UU., 1987). Apenas unos a\u00f1os despu\u00e9s (1990), un brote cl\u00ednico muy similar fue descrito en M\u00fcnster (Alemania). Hasta la fecha no se ha podido encontrar conexi\u00f3n alguna entre los brotes de Europa y los de EE.UU. En los a\u00f1os siguientes, el virus se disemin\u00f3 r\u00e1pidamente por otros pa\u00edses. Tras usar diferentes nombres como Mystery swine disease (Enfermedad misteriosa del cerdo) o Blue-ear pig disease (Enfermedad de la oreja azul), el nombre actual S\u00edndrome reproductivo y respiratorio porcino fue finalmente adoptado en el primer congreso internacional de la enfermedad (1992, EE.UU.). El agente causal del PRRS fue aislado por primera vez en 1991 en el Central Veterinary Institute en Lelystad (Holanda), usando macr\u00f3fagos alveolares [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":17056,"parent":20561,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_cbd_carousel_blocks":"[]","yasr_overall_rating":0,"yasr_post_is_review":"","yasr_auto_insert_disabled":"","yasr_review_type":"Product","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-20546","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yasr_visitor_votes":{"number_of_votes":0,"sum_votes":0,"stars_attributes":{"read_only":false,"span_bottom":false}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20546","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20546"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20546\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":20808,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20546\/revisions\/20808"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20561"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/17056"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20546"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=20546"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=20546"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}