{"id":20556,"date":"2021-03-09T14:13:45","date_gmt":"2021-03-09T14:13:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/prrscontrolidiomas.advertis.es\/4-infecciones-concomitantes-o-secundarias\/"},"modified":"2021-03-26T08:54:33","modified_gmt":"2021-03-26T08:54:33","slug":"infecciones-concomitantes-o-secundarias","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/prrs-la-enfermedad\/infecciones-concomitantes-o-secundarias\/","title":{"rendered":"<span>4<\/span> Infecciones concomitantes o secundarias"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><p>[vc_row][vc_column width=\u00bb1\/1&#8243;][vc_column_text el_class=\u00bbintro\u00bb]La infecci\u00f3n por el virus del PRRS puede incrementar la susceptibilidad de los cerdos a otras infecciones o, alternativamente, otras infecciones pueden existir de forma simult\u00e1nea. Sea cual sea el caso, en condiciones de campo la presencia de otros pat\u00f3genos, ya sean virus y\/o bacterias, es muy com\u00fan durante o tras la infecci\u00f3n del virus del PRRS.<\/p>\n<p>Obviamente, la simultaneidad de infecciones complica el cuadro cl\u00ednico y el diagn\u00f3stico. Este fen\u00f3meno es especialmente evidente en lechones destetados y en la fase del cebo.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]El t\u00e9rmino Complejo respiratorio porcino <strong>(CRP)<\/strong> define el <strong>trastorno\u00a0respiratorio multifactorial<\/strong> causado por las interacciones de virus\u00a0y bacterias, as\u00ed como por el manejo, la gen\u00e9tica y los factores\u00a0ambientales. Entre otros signos, se caracteriza por anorexia, bajo\u00a0crecimiento, fiebre, tos y disnea.[\/vc_column_text]<div class=\"single_image wpb_content_element align-left  animate image_box_rounded image_zoom \" data-animation=\"fade-in\" data-delay=\"300\"><a href=\"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/complejo-respiratorio-porcino-CRP-interaccion-de-virus-bacterias-y-manejo-ambiente-genetica.jpg\" class=\"prettyPhoto\" rel=\"prettyPhoto[image]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1400\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/complejo-respiratorio-porcino-CRP-interaccion-de-virus-bacterias-y-manejo-ambiente-genetica.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full\" alt=\"\" title=\"complejo-respiratorio-porcino-CRP-interaccion-de-virus-bacterias-y-manejo-ambiente-genetica\" srcset=\"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/complejo-respiratorio-porcino-CRP-interaccion-de-virus-bacterias-y-manejo-ambiente-genetica.jpg 1400w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/complejo-respiratorio-porcino-CRP-interaccion-de-virus-bacterias-y-manejo-ambiente-genetica-300x193.jpg 300w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/complejo-respiratorio-porcino-CRP-interaccion-de-virus-bacterias-y-manejo-ambiente-genetica-768x494.jpg 768w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/complejo-respiratorio-porcino-CRP-interaccion-de-virus-bacterias-y-manejo-ambiente-genetica-1024x658.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/complejo-respiratorio-porcino-CRP-interaccion-de-virus-bacterias-y-manejo-ambiente-genetica-750x482.jpg 750w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/complejo-respiratorio-porcino-CRP-interaccion-de-virus-bacterias-y-manejo-ambiente-genetica-1140x733.jpg 1140w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\" \/><\/a><\/div>[vc_column_text el_class=\u00bbdestacado\u00bb]<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>El virus del PRRS es uno de los principales agentes primarios del CRP.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]La infecci\u00f3n por el virus del PRRS incrementa la susceptibilidad de los cerdos a otras\u00a0infecciones por m\u00faltiples razones:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>El virus del PRRS da\u00f1a o afecta la ultraestructura del tracto respiratorio; este hecho\u00a0dificulta la eliminaci\u00f3n de las bacterias.<\/li>\n<li>Los macr\u00f3fagos alveolares, que son las principales c\u00e9lulas implicadas en la defensa\u00a0pulmonar, son las c\u00e9lulas diana del virus del PRRS. M\u00e1s espec\u00edficamente, el virus se\u00a0replica en la subpoblaci\u00f3n de macr\u00f3fagos alveolares que tienen la mayor capacidad\u00a0para fagocitar bacterias y producir componentes para destruirlas. Adem\u00e1s, el virus\u00a0tambi\u00e9n interfiere en la funcionalidad de otras c\u00e9lulas presentadoras de ant\u00edgeno.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>En resumen, el virus del PRRS:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u2026 puede destruir los macr\u00f3fagos infectados y los no infectados induciendo de forma\u00a0directa o indirecta necrosis o apoptosis.<\/li>\n<li>\u2026 puede reducir la capacidad bactericida de los macr\u00f3fagos.<\/li>\n<li>\u2026 puede inhibir citoquinas que tienen propiedades antivirales, como por ejemplo los\u00a0IFNs tipo I, incluso en presencia de otros virus.<\/li>\n<li>\u2026 puede inducir un desequilibrio entre las citoquinas pro y antiinflamatorias.<\/li>\n<li>\u2026 puede perjudicar la respuesta inmunitaria mediante la inducci\u00f3n de la secreci\u00f3n\u00a0de ciertas citoquinas.<\/li>\n<li>\u2026 puede interferir en la correcta presentaci\u00f3n del ant\u00edgeno.<\/li>\n<li>\u2026 puede disminuir la capacidad citot\u00f3xica de las c\u00e9lulas naturales asesinas (c\u00e9lulas NK).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>La magnitud de los fen\u00f3menos mencionados puede variar entre cepas.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text el_class=\u00bbdestacado\u00bb]<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>En consecuencia, el virus del PRRS interfiere en el desarrollo\u00a0de la respuesta inmunitaria del hospedador frente a\u00a0infecciones v\u00edricas y bacterianas.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text]<div class=\"single_image wpb_content_element align-left  animate image_box_rounded image_zoom \" data-animation=\"fade-in\" data-delay=\"300\"><a href=\"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/el-virus-del-PRRS-puede-incrementar-la-gravedad-de-la-clinica.jpg\" class=\"prettyPhoto\" rel=\"prettyPhoto[image]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1400\" height=\"700\" src=\"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/el-virus-del-PRRS-puede-incrementar-la-gravedad-de-la-clinica.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full\" alt=\"\" title=\"el-virus-del-PRRS-puede-incrementar-la-gravedad-de-la-clinica\" srcset=\"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/el-virus-del-PRRS-puede-incrementar-la-gravedad-de-la-clinica.jpg 1400w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/el-virus-del-PRRS-puede-incrementar-la-gravedad-de-la-clinica-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/el-virus-del-PRRS-puede-incrementar-la-gravedad-de-la-clinica-768x384.jpg 768w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/el-virus-del-PRRS-puede-incrementar-la-gravedad-de-la-clinica-1024x512.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/el-virus-del-PRRS-puede-incrementar-la-gravedad-de-la-clinica-1000x500.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/el-virus-del-PRRS-puede-incrementar-la-gravedad-de-la-clinica-360x180.jpg 360w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/el-virus-del-PRRS-puede-incrementar-la-gravedad-de-la-clinica-750x375.jpg 750w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/el-virus-del-PRRS-puede-incrementar-la-gravedad-de-la-clinica-1140x570.jpg 1140w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\" \/><\/a><\/div>[vc_column_text el_class=\u00bbaviso\u00bb]<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a9 Laboratorios Hipra, S.A. 2026. Reservados todos los derechos.<br \/>\nNinguna parte de este sitio web o cualquiera de sus contenidos puede ser reproducido, copiado, modificado o adaptado, sin el consentimiento previo por escrito de HIPRA.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row top_padding=\u00bb30&#8243; row_id=\u00bbreferencias\u00bb][vc_column width=\u00bb1\/1&#8243;]<div class=\"toggle\"><div class=\"toggle-title \"><i class='fa fal fa-book'><\/i>Referencias<\/div><div class=\"toggle-inner\"><p>\n<ul>\n<li>Allan GM, McNeilly F, Ellis J, Krakowka S, Meehan B, McNair I, Walker I, Kennedy S. Experimental infection of colostrum deprived piglets with porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) potentiates PCV2 replication. Arch Virol. 2000, 145:2421-9.<\/li>\n<li>Baron T, Albina E, Leforban Y, Madec F, Guilmoto H, Plana Duran J, Vannier P. Report on the first outbreaks of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) in France. Diagnosis and viral isolation. Ann Rech Vet. 1992, 23:161-6.<\/li>\n<li>Benfield DA, Nelson E, Collins JE, Harris L, Hennings JC, Shaw DP, Goyal SM, McCullough S, Morrison RB, Joo HS, Gorcyca D, Chladek D. Characterization of swine infertility and respiratory syndrome (SIRS) virus (isolate ATCC VR-2332). J Vet Diagn Invest. 1992. 4, 127-133.<\/li>\n<li>Benfield D, Nelson J, Rossow K, Nelson C, Steffen M, Rowland R. Diagnosis of persistent or prolonged porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infections Vet Res. 2000, 31:71.<\/li>\n<li>Blaha T. The \u201dcolorful\u201d epidemiology of PRRS. Vet Res BioMed Central. 2000, 31:77-83.<\/li>\n<li>Brockmeier SL, Palmer MV, Bolin SR. Effects of intranasal inoculation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, Bordetella bronchiseptica, or a combination of both organisms in pigs. Am J Vet Res. 2000, 61:892-9.<\/li>\n<li>Carman S, Sanford SE, Dea S. Assessment of seropositivity to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus in swine herds in Ontario&#8211;1978 to 1982. Can Vet J. 1995, 36:776-7.<\/li>\n<li>Collins JE, Benfield DA, Christianson WT, Harris L, Hennings JC, Shaw DP, Goyal SM, McCullough S, Morrison RB, Joo HS, et al. Isolation of swine infertility and respiratory syndrome virus (isolate ATCC VR-2332) in North America and experimental reproduction of the disease in gnotobiotic pigs. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1992, 4:117-26.<\/li>\n<li>Cortey M, D\u00edaz I, Mart\u00edn-Valls GE, Mateu E. Next-generation sequencing as a tool for the study of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) macro- and micro- molecular epidemiology. Vet Microbiol. 2017. doi: 10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.02.002.<\/li>\n<li>Delrue I, Van Gorp H, Van Doorsselaere J, Delputte PL, Nauwynck HJ. Susceptible cell lines for the production of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by stable transfection of sialoadhesin and CD163. BMC Biotechnol. 2010, 29:10:48.<\/li>\n<li>D\u00edaz I, Darwich L, Pappaterra G, Pujols J, Mateu E. Different European-type vaccines against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus have different immunological properties and confer different protection to pigs. Virology. 2006, 351:249-59.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Dobrescu%20I%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=24418046\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dobrescu I<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Levast%20B%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=24418046\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Levast B<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Lai%20K%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=24418046\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lai K<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Delgado-Ortega%20M%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=24418046\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Delgado-Ortega M<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Walker%20S%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=24418046\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Walker S<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Banman%20S%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=24418046\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Banman S<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Townsend%20H%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=24418046\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Townsend H<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Simon%20G%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=24418046\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Simon G<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Zhou%20Y%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=24418046\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Zhou Y<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Gerdts%20V%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=24418046\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gerdts V<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Meurens%20F%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=24418046\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Meurens F<\/a>. In vitro and ex vivo analyses of\u00a0co-infections with swine influenza and\u00a0porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome\u00a0viruses. <a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+24418046\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vet Microbiol.<\/a>2014, 169:18-32.<\/li>\n<li>Duan X, Nauwynck HJ, Pensaert MB. Virus quantification and identification of cellular targets in the lungs and lymphoid tissues of pigs at different time intervals after inoculation with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Vet Microbiol. 1997, 56:9-19.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Fan%20P%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=23971711\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fan P<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Wei%20Y%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=23971711\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wei Y<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Guo%20L%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=23971711\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Guo L<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Wu%20H%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=23971711\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wu H<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Huang%20L%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=23971711\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Huang L<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Liu%20J%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=23971711\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Liu J<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Liu%20C%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=23971711\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Liu C<\/a>. Synergistic effects of sequential\u00a0infection\u00a0with highly pathogenic\u00a0porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome\u00a0virus\u00a0and\u00a0porcine\u00a0circovirus type 2. <a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+23971711\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Virol J.<\/a>2013, 10:265.<\/li>\n<li>Forsberg R, Oleksiewicz MB, Petersen AM, Hein J, B\u00f8tner A, Storgaard T. A molecular clock dates the common ancestor of European-type porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus at more than 10 years before the emergence of disease. Virology. 2001, 289:174-9.<\/li>\n<li>G\u00f3mez-Laguna J, Salguero FJ, Pallar\u00e9s FJ, Carrasco L. Immunopathogenesis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome in the respiratory tract of pigs. Vet J. 2013, 195:148-55.<\/li>\n<li>Harms PA, Sorden SD, Halbur PG, Bolin SR, Lager KM, Morozov I, Paul PS. Experimental reproduction of severe disease in CD\/CD pigs concurrently infected with type 2 porcine circovirus and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Vet Pathol. 2001, 38:528-39.<\/li>\n<li>He Q, Li Y, Zhou L, Ge X, Guo X, Yang H. Both Nsp1\u03b2 and Nsp11 are responsible for differential TNF-\u03b1 production induced by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus strains with different pathogenicity in vitro. Virus Res. 2015, 201:32-40.<\/li>\n<li>Hill H. Overview and history of Mystery Swine Disease (swine infertility\/respiratory syndrome). Proceedings of the Mystery Swine Disease Committee Meeting, Livestock Conversation Institute, Denver, CO. 1990, 29\u201331.<\/li>\n<li>Hirose 0, Kudo H, Yoshizawa S, Hiroike T, Nakane T. Prevalence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in Chiba prefecture. J Jpn Vet Med Assoc. 1995, 48:650-3.<\/li>\n<li>Holtkamp DJ, Kliebenstein JB, Neumann EJ, Zimmerman JJ, Rotto HF, Yoder TK, Wang C, Yeske PE, Mowrer CL and Haley CA. Assessment of the economic impact of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus on United States pork producers. J Swine Health Prod. 2013, 21:72-84.<\/li>\n<li>Hirose O, Shibata I, Kudou H, Samegai Y, Yoshizawa S, Ono M, Nishimura M, Hiroike T, Kageyama K, Sakano T. Experimental infection of SPF piglets with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) viruses isolated from two farms. J Vet Med Sci. 1995, 57:991-5.<\/li>\n<li>Jung K, Renukaradhya GJ, Alekseev KP, Fang Y, Tang Y, Saif LJ. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus modifies innate immunity and alters disease outcome in pigs subsequently infected with porcine respiratory coronavirus: implications for respiratory viral co-infections. J Gen Virol. 2009, 90:2713-23.<\/li>\n<li>Karniychuk UU, Nauwynck HJ. Quantitative changes of sialoadhesin and CD163 positive macrophages in the implantation sites and organs of porcine embryos\/fetuses during gestation. Placenta. 2009, 30:497-500.<\/li>\n<li>Karniychuk UU, Geldhof M, Vanhee M, Van Doorsselaere J, Saveleva TA, Nauwynck HJ. Pathogenesis and antigenic characterization of a new East European subtype 3 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolate. BMC Vet Res. 2010, 4:6:30.<\/li>\n<li>Karniychuk UU, Nauwynck HJ. Pathogenesis and prevention of placental and transplacental porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. Vet Res. 2013, 44:95.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Kavanov%C3%A1%20L%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=28472979\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kavanov\u00e1 L<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Matia%C5%A1kov%C3%A1%20K%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=28472979\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Matia\u0161kov\u00e1 K<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Lev%C3%A1%20L%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=28472979\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lev\u00e1 L<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=%C5%A0t%C4%9Bp%C3%A1nov%C3%A1%20H%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=28472979\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0160t\u011bp\u00e1nov\u00e1 H<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Nedbalcov%C3%A1%20K%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=28472979\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nedbalcov\u00e1 K<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Matia%C5%A1ovic%20J%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=28472979\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Matia\u0161ovic J<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Faldyna%20M%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=28472979\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Faldyna M<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Sal%C3%A1t%20J%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=28472979\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sal\u00e1t J<\/a>. Concurrent\u00a0infection\u00a0with\u00a0porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome\u00a0virus\u00a0and Haemophilus parasuis in two types of\u00a0porcine\u00a0macrophages: apoptosis, production of ROS and formation of multinucleated giant cells. <a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+28472979\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vet Res.<\/a>2017, 48:28.<\/li>\n<li>Kitikoon P, Vincent AL, Jones KR, Nilubol D, Yu S, Janke BH, Thacker BJ, Thacker EL. Vaccine efficacy and immune response to swine influenza virus challenge in pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus at the time of SIV vaccination. Vet Microbiol. 2009, 139:235-44.<\/li>\n<li>Keffaber KK. Reproductive failure of unknown etiology. AASP. 1989, 1: 2\u201310.<\/li>\n<li>Lawson SR, Rossow KD, Collins JE, Benfield DA, Rowland RR. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection of gnotobiotic pigs: sites of virus replication and co-localization with MAC-387 staining at 21 days post-infection. Virus Res. 1997, 51:105-13.<\/li>\n<li>Leng X, Li Z, Xia M, Li X, Wang F, Wang W, Zhang X, Wu H. Mutations in the genome of the highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus potentially related to attenuation. Vet Microbiol. 2012, 157:50-60.<\/li>\n<li>Li Y, Zhou L, Zhang J, Ge X, Zhou R, Zheng H, Geng G, Guo X, Yang H. Nsp9 and Nsp10 contribute to the fatal virulence of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus emerging in China. PLoS Pathog. 2014, 10(7):e1004216.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Li%20J%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=28532803\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Li J<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Wang%20S%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=28532803\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wang S<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Li%20C%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=28532803\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Li C<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Wang%20C%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=28532803\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wang C<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Liu%20Y%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=28532803\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Liu Y<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Wang%20G%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=28532803\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wang G<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=He%20X%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=28532803\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">He X<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Hu%20L%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=28532803\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hu L<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Liu%20Y%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=28532803\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Liu Y<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Cui%20M%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=28532803\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cui M<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Bi%20C%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=28532803\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bi C<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Shao%20Z%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=28532803\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Shao Z<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Wang%20X%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=28532803\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wang X<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Xiong%20T%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=28532803\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Xiong T<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Cai%20X%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=28532803\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cai X<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Huang%20L%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=28532803\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Huang L<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Weng%20C%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=28532803\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Weng C<\/a>. Secondary Haemophilus parasuis\u00a0infection\u00a0enhances highly pathogenic\u00a0porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome\u00a0virus\u00a0(HP-PRRSV)\u00a0infection-mediated inflammatory responses. <a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+28532803\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vet Microbiol.<\/a>2017, 204:35-42.<\/li>\n<li>Lindhaus W, Lindhaus B. Raetselhafte Schweinekrankheit. Prakt Tierarzt 1991, 5:423\u20135<\/li>\n<li>Loula T. Mystery pig disease. Agri-practice. 1991, 12:23\u201334.<\/li>\n<li>Loving CL, Brockmeier SL, Sacco RE. Differential type I interferon activation and susceptibility of dendritic cell populations to porcine arterivirus. Immunology. 2007, 120:217-29.<\/li>\n<li>Lu W, Sun B, Mo J, Zeng X, Zhang G, Wang L, Zhou Q, Zhu L, Li Z, Xie Q, Bi Y, Ma J. Attenuation and immunogenicity of a live high pathogenic PRRSV vaccine candidate with a 32-amino acid deletion in the nsp2 protein. J Immunol Res. 2014, 2014:810523.<\/li>\n<li>Lunney JK, Benfield DA, Rowland RR.Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: an update on an emerging and re-emerging viral disease of swine. Virus Res. 2010, 154:1-6.<\/li>\n<li>Mardassi H, Massie B, Dea S. Intracellular synthesis, processing, and transport of proteins encoded by ORFs 5 to 7 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Virology. 1996, 221:98-112.<\/li>\n<li>Mart\u00ednez-Lobo FJ, D\u00edez-Fuertes F, Segal\u00e9s J, Garc\u00eda-Artiga C, Simarro I, Castro JM, Prieto C. Comparative pathogenicity of type 1 and type 2 isolates of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in a young pig infection model. Vet Microbiol. 2011, 154:58-68.<\/li>\n<li>Mateu E, Diaz I. The challenge of PRRS immunology. Vet J. 2008, 177:345-51.<\/li>\n<li>Meng XJ, Paul PS, Halbur PG. Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequencing of the 3&#8242;-terminal genomic RNA of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J Gen Virol. 1994, 75:1795-801.<\/li>\n<li>Meng XJ, Paul PS, Halbur PG, Lum MA. Phylogenetic analyses of the putative M (ORF 6) and N (ORF 7) genes of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV): implication for the existence of two genotypes of PRRSV in the U.S.A. and Europe. Arch Virol. 1995, 140:745-55.<\/li>\n<li>Meredith MJ. Review of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome. Pig Disease Information Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England. 1-24.<\/li>\n<li>Meulenberg JJ, Hulst MM, de Meijer EJ, Moonen PL, den Besten A, de Kluyver EP, Wensvoort G, Moormann RJ. Lelystad virus, the causative agent of porcine epidemic abortion and respiratory syndrome (PEARS), is related to LDV and EAV. Virology. 1993, 192:62-72.<\/li>\n<li>Meulenberg JJ, Hulst MM, de Meijer EJ, Moonen PL, den Besten A, de Kluyver EP, Wensvoort G, Moormann RJ. Lelystad virus belongs to a new virus family, comprising lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus, equine arteritis virus, and simian hemorrhagic fever virus. Arch Virol Suppl. 1994, 9:441-8.<\/li>\n<li>Meulenberg JJ, Petersen-den Besten A, De Kluyver EP, Moormann RJ, Schaaper WM, Wensvoort G. Characterization of proteins encoded by ORFs 2 to 7 of Lelystad virus. Virology. 1995, 206:155-63.<\/li>\n<li>Morin M, Carpenter J, Poljack Z, Rivest J, Urizar L, Klopfenstein C, PRRS economic impact simulation tool for regional control and eradication projects in Canada. 2014\u00a0IPVS Congress. p 220.<\/li>\n<li>Murtaugh MP1, Elam MR, Kakach LT. Comparison of the structural protein coding sequences of the VR-2332 and Lelystad virus strains of the PRRS virus. Arch Virol. 1995, 140:1451-60.<\/li>\n<li>Murtaugh MP, Stadejek T, Abrahante JE, Lam TT, Leung FC. The ever-expanding diversity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Virus Res. 2010, 154:18-30.<\/li>\n<li>Nauwynck HJ, Van Gorp H, Vanhee M, Karniychuk U, Geldhof M, Cao A, Verbeeck M, Van Breedam W. Micro-dissecting the pathogenesis and immune response of PRRSV infection paves the way for more efficient PRRSV vaccines. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2012, 59 Suppl 1:50-4.<\/li>\n<li>Nelson EA, Christopher-Hennings J, Drew T, Wensvoort G, Collins JE, Benfield DA. Differentiation of U.S. and European isolates of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by monoclonal antibodies. J Clin Microbiol. 1993, 31:3184-9.<\/li>\n<li>Neumann EJ, Kliebenstein JB, Johnson CD, Mabry JW, Bush EJ, Seitzinger AH, Green AL, Zimmerman JJ. Assessment of the economic impact of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome on swine production in the United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005, 227:385-92.<\/li>\n<li>Nieuwenhuis N, Duinhof TF, van Nes A. Economic analysis of outbreaks of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in nine sow herds. Vet Rec. 2012, 170:225.<\/li>\n<li>Ohlinger V.F., Pesch S., Bischoff C., History, occurrence, dynamics and current status of PRRS in Europe, Vet Res. 2000, 31: 86-87.<\/li>\n<li>World Organisation for Animal Health; World Animal Health Information Database Interface; OIE 2013.<\/li>\n<li>Pirtle EC, Beran GW. Stability of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in the presence of fomites commonly found on farms. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1996, 208:390-2. Plagemann PG. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: origin hypothesis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003, 9:903-8.<\/li>\n<li>Plagemann PG. Lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus and related viruses. In: Fields Virology, 3rd ed. Ed. Fields BN, Knipe DM, Howley PM, et al. 1105-20.<\/li>\n<li>Plana J, Vayreda M, Vilarrasa J, Bastons M, Rosell R, Martinez M, San Gabriel A, Pujols J, Badiola JL, Ramos JA, et al. Porcine epidemic abortion and respiratory syndrome (mystery swine disease). Isolation in Spain of the causative agent and experimental reproduction of the disease. Vet Microbiol. 1992, 33:203-11.<\/li>\n<li>Pol JM, van Leengoed LA, Stockhofe N, Kok G, Wensvoort G. Dual infections of PRRSV\/influenza or PRRSV\/Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in the respiratory tract. Vet Microbiol. 1997, 55:259-64.<\/li>\n<li>Reiner G. Genetic resistance &#8211; an alternative for controlling PRRS? Porcine Health Management 2016, 2:27.<\/li>\n<li>Renukaradhya GJ, Alekseev K, Jung K, Fang Y, Saif LJ. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-induced immunosuppression exacerbates the inflammatory response to porcine respiratory coronavirus in pigs. Viral Immunol. 2010, 23:457-66.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Salines%20M%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=26048774\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Salines M<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Barnaud%20E%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=26048774\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Barnaud E<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Andraud%20M%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=26048774\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Andraud M<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Eono%20F%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=26048774\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Eono F<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Renson%20P%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=26048774\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Renson P<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Bourry%20O%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=26048774\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bourry O<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Pavio%20N%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=26048774\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pavio N<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Rose%20N%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=26048774\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rose N<\/a>. Hepatitis E\u00a0virus\u00a0chronic\u00a0infection\u00a0of swine\u00a0co-infected with\u00a0Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome\u00a0Virus. <a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+26048774\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vet Res.<\/a>2015, 6;46:55. Shibata I, Yazawa S, Ono M, Okuda Y. Experimental dual infection of specific pathogen-free pigs with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and pseudorabies virus. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health. 2003, 50:14-9.<\/li>\n<li>Shin JH, Kang YB, Kim YJ, Yeom SH, Kweon CH, Lee WY, Jean YH, Hwang EK, Rhee JC, An SH, Cho IS, Oh JS, Joo HS, Choi CS, Molitor TW. Sero-epidemiological studies on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome in Korea. I. Detection of indirect fluorescent antibodies. RDA J Agri Sci. 1993, 35: 572-6.<\/li>\n<li>SIP Consultors. Repercusi\u00f3n econ\u00f3mica del PRRS. Lleida, Spain. 2013.<\/li>\n<li>Snijder EJ, Kikkert M, Fang Y. Arterivirus molecular biology and pathogenesis. J Gen Virol. 2013, 94:2141-63.<\/li>\n<li>Solano GI, Segal\u00e9s J, Collins JE, Molitor TW, Pijoan C. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSv) interaction with Haemophilus parasuis. Vet Microbiol. 1997, 55:247-57.<\/li>\n<li>Solano GI, Bautista E, Molitor TW, Segales J, Pijoan C. Effect of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection on the clearance of Haemophilus parasuis by porcine alveolar macrophages. Can J Vet Res. 1998, 62:251-6.<\/li>\n<li>Stadejek T. Explore unexplored: origin of PRRSV revealed? In Proceedings of the European, Middle Eastern and Africa Society for Biopreservation and Biobanking (ESBB) conference. November 16-19. France.<\/li>\n<li>Thacker EL, Halbur PG, Ross RF, Thanawongnuwech R, Thacker BJ. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae potentiation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-induced pneumonia. J Clin Microbiol. 1999, 37:620-7.<\/li>\n<li>Thacker EL, Thacker BJ, Young TF, Halbur PG. Effect of vaccination on the potentiation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-induced pneumonia by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Vaccine. 2000, 18:1244-52.<\/li>\n<li>Thanawongnuwech R, Brown GB, Halbur PG, Roth JA, Royer RL, Thacker BJ. Pathogenesis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-induced increase in susceptibility to Streptococcus suis infection. Vet Pathol. 2000, 37: 143-52.<\/li>\n<li>ThanawongnuwechR, Thacker B, Halbur P, Thacker EL. <a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+15358650\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Increased production of proinflammatory cytokines following infection with\u00a0porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome\u00a0virus and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.<\/a> Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2004, \u00a011: 901-8.Thanawongnuwech R, Thacker EL, Halbur PG. Effect of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) (isolate ATCC VR-2385) infection on bactericidal activity of porcine pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIMs): In vitro comparisons with pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs). Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 1997, 59:323-335.<\/li>\n<li>Terpstra C, Wensvoort G, Pol JM. Experimental reproduction of porcine epidemic abortion and respiratory syndrome (mystery swine disease) by infection with Lelystad virus: Koch&#8217;s postulates fulfilled. Vet Q. 1991, 13:131-6.<\/li>\n<li>Tian K, Yu X, Zhao T, Feng Y, Cao Z, Wang C, Hu Y, Chen X, Hu D, Tian X, Liu D, Zhang S, Deng X, Ding Y, Yang L, Zhang Y, Xiao H, Qiao M, Wang B, Hou L, Wang X, Yang X, Kang L, Sun M, Jin P, Wang S, Kitamura Y, Yan J, Gao GF. Emergence of fatal PRRSV variants: unparalleled outbreaks of atypical PRRS in China and molecular dissection of the unique hallmark. PLoS One. 200, 2:e526.<\/li>\n<li>Van der Linden IF, Voermans JJ, van der Linde-Bril EM, Bianchi AT, Steverink PJ. Virological kinetics and immunological responses to a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection of pigs at different ages. Vaccine. 2003, 21:1952-7.<\/li>\n<li>Van Gorp H, Van Breedam W, Delputte PL, Nauwynck HJ. Sialoadhesin and CD163 join forces during entry of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J Gen Virol. 2008, 89:2943-53.<\/li>\n<li>Wang G, Song T, Yu Y, Liu Y, Shi W, Wang S, Rong F, Dong J, Liu H, Cai X, Zhou EM. Immune responses in piglets infected with highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2011, 142:170-8.<\/li>\n<li>Wensvoort G, Terpstra C, Pol JMA, Lask EA, Bloemraad M, de Kluyver EP, Kragten C, van Butten L, den Besten A, Wagenaar F, Broekhuijsen JM, Moonen PJM, Zetstra T, de Boer EA, Tibben AhJ, de Jong MF, van\u2019r Veld P, Groenland GJR, van Gennep JA, Voets MTh, Verheijden JHM, Braamkamp J. Mystery swine disease in the Netherlands: the isolation of Lelystad virus. Vet Q. 1991, 13:121\u201330.<\/li>\n<li>Wesley RD, Mengeling WL, Lager KM. Prior infection of nursery-age pigs with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus does not affect the outcome of transmissible gastroenteritis virus challenge. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1998, 10:221-8.<\/li>\n<li>White M. Blue ear disease of pigs. Vet Rec. 1991, 128:574.<\/li>\n<li>White M. The clinical signs and symptoms of \u201cblue eared pig disease\u201d. Pig Vet J. 1991, 28:62-8.<\/li>\n<li>Wills RW, Gray JT, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Yoon KJ, Ladely S, Zimmerman JJ. Synergism between porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and Salmonella choleraesuis in swine. Vet Microbiol. 2000, 71:177-92.<\/li>\n<li>pig333.com\/prrs\/prrsv-infection-in-france-clinical-and-economic-impact_9563\/<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.thepigsite.com\/articles\/4490\/danish-pig-research-centreannual-report-2012-prrs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">thepigsite.com\/articles\/4490\/danish-pig-research-centreannual-report-2012-prrs<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Yamane I, Kure K, Ishikawa H, Takagi M, Miyazaki A, Suzuki T, Shibahara T, Kubo M, Kobayashi H, Kokuho T, Tsunemitsu H. Estimation of economic loss due to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome in Japan.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Yu%20J%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=22460022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Yu J<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Wu%20J%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=22460022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wu J<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Zhang%20Y%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=22460022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Zhang Y<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Guo%20L%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=22460022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Guo L<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Cong%20X%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=22460022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cong X<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Du%20Y%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=22460022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Du Y<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Li%20J%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=22460022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Li J<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Sun%20W%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=22460022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sun W<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Shi%20J%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=22460022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Shi J<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Peng%20J%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=22460022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Peng J<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Yin%20F%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=22460022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Yin F<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Wang%20D%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=22460022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wang D<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Zhao%20P%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=22460022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Zhao P<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+?term=Wang%20J%5BAuthor%5D&amp;cauthor=true&amp;cauthor_uid=22460022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wang J<\/a>. Concurrent highly pathogenic\u00a0porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome\u00a0virus\u00a0infection accelerates Haemophilus parasuis\u00a0infection\u00a0in conventional pigs. <a href=\"https:\/\/xpv.uab.cat\/pubmed\/,DanaInfo=.awxyCrhhpHwvxL0wwPx6C,SSL+22460022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vet Microbiol.<\/a>2012, 158:316-21.<\/li>\n<li>Yun SI, Lee YM. Overview: Replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J Microbiol. 2013, 51:711-23.<\/li>\n<li>Zhang Q, Yoo D. PRRS virus receptors and their role for pathogenesis. Vet Microbiol. 2015, 177:229-41.<\/li>\n<li>Zimmerman J, Yoon K-J, Wills RW, Swenson SL. General overview of PRRSV: A perspective from the United States. Vet Microbiol. 1997, 55:187-96.<\/li>\n<li>Zhou Z, Ni J, Cao Z, Han X, Xia Y, Zi Z, Ning K, Liu Q, Cai L, Qiu P, Deng X, Hu D, Zhang Q, Fan Y, Wu J, Wang L, Zhang M, Yu X, Zhai X, Tian K. The epidemic status and genetic diversity of 14 highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) isolates from China in 2009. Vet Microbiol. 2011, 150:257-69.<\/li>\n<li>Zimmerman JJ, Benfield DA, Dee SA, Murtaugh MP, Stadejek T, Stevenson GW, Torremorell M. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (porcine arterivirus). In: 10th ed. Diseases of swine, Ed. Wiley-Blackwell. 2012, 31:463-86.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/p><\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align:center\" class=\"yasr-auto-insert-visitor\"><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row][vc_column width=\u00bb1\/1&#8243;][vc_column_text el_class=\u00bbintro\u00bb]La infecci\u00f3n por el virus del PRRS puede incrementar la susceptibilidad de los cerdos a otras infecciones o, alternativamente, otras infecciones pueden existir de forma simult\u00e1nea. Sea cual sea el caso, en condiciones de campo la presencia de otros pat\u00f3genos, ya sean virus y\/o bacterias, es muy com\u00fan durante o tras la infecci\u00f3n del virus del PRRS. Obviamente, la simultaneidad de infecciones complica el cuadro cl\u00ednico y el diagn\u00f3stico. Este fen\u00f3meno es especialmente evidente en lechones destetados y en la fase del cebo.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]El t\u00e9rmino Complejo respiratorio porcino (CRP) define el trastorno\u00a0respiratorio multifactorial causado por las interacciones de virus\u00a0y bacterias, as\u00ed como por el manejo, la gen\u00e9tica y los factores\u00a0ambientales. Entre otros signos, se caracteriza por anorexia, bajo\u00a0crecimiento, fiebre, tos y disnea.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text el_class=\u00bbdestacado\u00bb] El virus del PRRS es uno de los principales agentes primarios del CRP. [\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]La infecci\u00f3n por el virus del PRRS incrementa la susceptibilidad de los cerdos a otras\u00a0infecciones por m\u00faltiples razones: El virus del PRRS da\u00f1a o afecta la ultraestructura del tracto respiratorio; este hecho\u00a0dificulta la eliminaci\u00f3n de las bacterias. Los macr\u00f3fagos alveolares, que son las principales c\u00e9lulas implicadas en la defensa\u00a0pulmonar, son las c\u00e9lulas diana del virus del PRRS. M\u00e1s espec\u00edficamente, el virus se\u00a0replica en [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":17056,"parent":20561,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_cbd_carousel_blocks":"[]","yasr_overall_rating":0,"yasr_post_is_review":"","yasr_auto_insert_disabled":"","yasr_review_type":"Product","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-20556","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yasr_visitor_votes":{"number_of_votes":0,"sum_votes":0,"stars_attributes":{"read_only":false,"span_bottom":false}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20556","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20556"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20556\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":20817,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20556\/revisions\/20817"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20561"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/17056"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20556"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=20556"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=20556"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}