{"id":20600,"date":"2021-03-22T09:49:58","date_gmt":"2021-03-22T09:49:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/prrscontrolidiomas.advertis.es\/5-causas-de-la-diversidad-genetica\/"},"modified":"2021-03-26T09:23:43","modified_gmt":"2021-03-26T09:23:43","slug":"causas-de-la-diversidad-genetica","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/el-virus-prrs\/causas-de-la-diversidad-genetica\/","title":{"rendered":"<span>5<\/span> Causas de la diversidad gen\u00e9tica"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><p>[vc_row][vc_column width=\u00bb1\/1&#8243;]<div class=\"single_image wpb_content_element align-left  animate image_box_rounded image_zoom \" data-animation=\"fade-in\" data-delay=\"300\"><a href=\"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Causas-y-consecuencias-de-la-diversidad-genetica-del-virus-del-PRRS.jpg\" class=\"prettyPhoto\" rel=\"prettyPhoto[image]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1400\" height=\"1016\" src=\"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Causas-y-consecuencias-de-la-diversidad-genetica-del-virus-del-PRRS.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full\" alt=\"\" title=\"Causas-y-consecuencias-de-la-diversidad-genetica-del-virus-del-PRRS\" srcset=\"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Causas-y-consecuencias-de-la-diversidad-genetica-del-virus-del-PRRS.jpg 1400w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Causas-y-consecuencias-de-la-diversidad-genetica-del-virus-del-PRRS-300x218.jpg 300w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Causas-y-consecuencias-de-la-diversidad-genetica-del-virus-del-PRRS-768x557.jpg 768w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Causas-y-consecuencias-de-la-diversidad-genetica-del-virus-del-PRRS-1024x743.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Causas-y-consecuencias-de-la-diversidad-genetica-del-virus-del-PRRS-120x86.jpg 120w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Causas-y-consecuencias-de-la-diversidad-genetica-del-virus-del-PRRS-750x544.jpg 750w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Causas-y-consecuencias-de-la-diversidad-genetica-del-virus-del-PRRS-1140x827.jpg 1140w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\" \/><\/a><\/div>[vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">La diversidad gen\u00e9tica del virus del PRRS es el resultado de los fen\u00f3menos de <strong>mutaci\u00f3n<\/strong> y\u00a0<strong>selecci\u00f3n<\/strong>, pero tambi\u00e9n de <strong>recombinaci\u00f3n<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Mutaciones aleatorias<\/strong>: Asumimos que la tasa de mutaci\u00f3n del virus del\u00a0PRRS es una de las m\u00e1s altas, siendo hasta 40 veces superior a la tasa de\u00a0mutaci\u00f3n de otros virus muy conocidos, como el virus de la Influenza Aviar o\u00a0el virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana.<br \/>\nComo ocurre con otros virus ARN,\u00a0su ARN polimerasa no tiene la capacidad de corregir los errores comunes e\u00a0inherentes que ocurren durante la transcripci\u00f3n. Dado que estos errores\u00a0aparecen cada 100-1.000 nucle\u00f3tidos, cada nuevo virus que se forma puede\u00a0ser diferente al anterior. Como consecuencia, se producen nuevas variantes\u00a0virales que tienen secuencias nucleot\u00eddicas diferentes a las del progenitor. As\u00ed,\u00a0en un cerdo infectado, el virus del PRRS existe como una nube, agrupaci\u00f3n o\u00a0distribuci\u00f3n de variantes v\u00edricas diversas, las cuales est\u00e1n relacionadas entre\u00a0s\u00ed por tener mutaciones similares. Las variantes contribuyen colectivamente a\u00a0las caracter\u00edsticas de la poblaci\u00f3n y est\u00e1n sujetas a la variaci\u00f3n, competici\u00f3n\u00a0y selecci\u00f3n. Esta forma de distribuci\u00f3n se conoce como cuasiespecie. Se\u00a0ha especulado que la inmunomodulaci\u00f3n ejercida por parte del virus y la\u00a0evoluci\u00f3n en cuasiespecies juegan un papel muy importante durante la\u00a0infecci\u00f3n del virus del PRRS y su curso cr\u00f3nico o de persistencia.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Recombinaci\u00f3n<\/strong>: (intercambio de material gen\u00e9tico entre dos o m\u00e1s cepas). En\u00a0algunos casos, las diferencias entre cepas son tan evidentes que aceptar que\u00a0proceden unicamente de mutaciones es imposible.<br \/>\nAdem\u00e1s, las mutaciones por\u00a0s\u00ed solas tampoco pueden explicar la presencia de deleciones e inserciones en\u00a0numerosas localizaciones a lo largo del genoma. De hecho, cuando se examina el\u00a0genoma completo en ambas especies, se detectan frecuentemente eventos de\u00a0recombinaci\u00f3n. Por tanto, podemos afirmar que la recombinaci\u00f3n es un fen\u00f3meno\u00a0muy importante que tambi\u00e9n nos ayuda a entender la elevada diversidad gen\u00e9tica\u00a0del virus.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text]<div class=\"single_image wpb_content_element align-left  animate image_box_rounded image_zoom \" data-animation=\"fade-in\" data-delay=\"300\"><a href=\"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Representacion-grafica-de-los-puntos-de-recombinacion-en-PRRSV1.jpg\" class=\"prettyPhoto\" rel=\"prettyPhoto[image]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1400\" height=\"1016\" src=\"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Representacion-grafica-de-los-puntos-de-recombinacion-en-PRRSV1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full\" alt=\"\" title=\"Representacion-grafica-de-los-puntos-de-recombinacion-en-PRRSV1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Representacion-grafica-de-los-puntos-de-recombinacion-en-PRRSV1.jpg 1400w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Representacion-grafica-de-los-puntos-de-recombinacion-en-PRRSV1-300x218.jpg 300w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Representacion-grafica-de-los-puntos-de-recombinacion-en-PRRSV1-768x557.jpg 768w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Representacion-grafica-de-los-puntos-de-recombinacion-en-PRRSV1-1024x743.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Representacion-grafica-de-los-puntos-de-recombinacion-en-PRRSV1-120x86.jpg 120w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Representacion-grafica-de-los-puntos-de-recombinacion-en-PRRSV1-750x544.jpg 750w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Representacion-grafica-de-los-puntos-de-recombinacion-en-PRRSV1-1140x827.jpg 1140w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\" \/><\/a><\/div>[vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Para que ocurra el fen\u00f3meno de la recombinaci\u00f3n, dos o m\u00e1s aislados\u00a0diferentes deben estar presentes de forma simult\u00e1nea en el mismo cerdo. Sin\u00a0embargo, incluso bajo estas circunstancias, la recombinaci\u00f3n puede no ocurrir;\u00a0es simplemente una cuesti\u00f3n de probabilidades.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Si la recombinaci\u00f3n ocurre,\u00a0no podemos predecir si el virus resultante ser\u00e1 o no diferente en t\u00e9rminos de\u00a0virulencia, tasa de replicaci\u00f3n, capacidad de replicar en tejidos concretos,\u00a0inmunogenicidad, etc., a las cepas parentales.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">El fen\u00f3meno de recombinaci\u00f3n\u00a0se ha observado entre aislados de campo, entre vacunas, y entre vacunas y\u00a0aislados de campo, para ambos PRRSV1 y PRRSV2.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Selecci\u00f3n inmunitaria<\/strong>: Durante una infecci\u00f3n, las variantes predominantes ser\u00e1n aquellas que, comparadas con la cepa parental, posean cambios en\u00a0su genoma que supongan una ventaja; como por ejemplo, poder evadir\u00a0la respuesta inmunitaria. Por tanto, puesto que constantemente se est\u00e1n\u00a0creando variantes del virus, gener\u00e1ndose nuevas formas de ant\u00edgenos, estas\u00a0se enfrentan a la respuesta inmunitaria del hospedador produci\u00e9ndose una\u00a0presi\u00f3n selectiva.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text el_class=\u00bbaviso\u00bb]<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a9 Laboratorios Hipra, S.A. 2026. Reservados todos los derechos.<br \/>\nNinguna parte de este sitio web o cualquiera de sus contenidos puede ser reproducida, copiada, modificada o adaptada, sin el consentimiento previo por escrito de HIPRA.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row top_padding=\u00bb30&#8243; row_id=\u00bbreferencias\u00bb][vc_column width=\u00bb1\/1&#8243;]<div class=\"toggle\"><div class=\"toggle-title \"><i class='fa fal fa-book'><\/i>Referencias<\/div><div class=\"toggle-inner\"><p>\n<ul>\n<li>Allende R, Laegreid WW, Kutish GF, Galeota JA, Wills RW, Osorio FA. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: description of persistence in individual pigs upon experimental infection. J Virol. 2000, 74:10834-7.<\/li>\n<li>Allende R, Kutish GF, Laegreid W, Lu Z, Lewis TL, Rock DL, Friesen J, Galeota JA, Doster AR, Osorio FA. Mutations in the genome of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus responsible for the attenuation phenotype. Arch Virol. 2000, 145:1149-61.<\/li>\n<li>Brockmeier SL, Loving CL, Palmer MV, Spear A, Nicholson TL, Faaberg KS, Lager KM. Comparison of Asian porcine high fever disease isolates of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus to United States isolates for their ability to cause disease and secondary bacterial infection in swine. Vet Microbiol. 2017, 203:6-17.<\/li>\n<li>Chang CC, Yoon KJ, Zimmerman JJ, Harmon KM, Dixon PM, Dvorak CM, Murtaugh MP. Evolution of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus during sequential passages in pigs. J Virol. 2002, 76:4750-63.<\/li>\n<li>Cortey M, D\u00edaz I, Mart\u00edn-Valls GE, Mateu E. Next-generation sequencing as a tool for the study of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) macro- and micro- molecular epidemiology. Vet Microbiol. 2017. doi: 10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.02.002.<\/li>\n<li>Darwich L, Gimeno M Sibila M, Diaz I, de la Torre E, Dotti S, Kuzemtseva L, Martin M, Pujols J, Mateu E. Genetic and immunobiological diversities of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome genotype I strains. Vet Microbiol. 2011, 150:49-62.<\/li>\n<li>Dea S, Gagnon CA, Mardassi H, Pirzadeh B, Rogan D. Current knowledge on the structural proteins of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus: comparison of the North American and European isolates. Arch Virol. 2000, 145:659-88.<\/li>\n<li>D\u00edaz I, Gimeno M, Darwich L, Navarro N, Kuzemtseva L, L\u00f3pez S, Galindo I, Segal\u00e9s J, Mart\u00edn M, Pujols J, Mateu E. Characterization of homologous and heterologous adaptive immune responses in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. Vet Res. 2012, 19:43:30.<\/li>\n<li>Dokland T. The structural biology of PRRSV. Virus Res. 2010, 154:86-97.<\/li>\n<li>Domingo E, Holland JJ. RNA virus mutations and fitness for survival. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1997, 51:151-78<\/li>\n<li>Dunowska M1, Biggs PJ, Zheng T, Perrott MR. Identification of a novel nidovirus associated with a neurological disease of the Australian brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). Vet Microbiol. 2012, 156:418-24.<\/li>\n<li>Frydas IS, Nauwynck HJ. Replication characteristics of eight virulent and two attenuated genotype 1 and 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) strains in nasal mucosa explants. Vet Microbiol. 2016, 182:156-62.<\/li>\n<li>Frydas IS, Trus I, Kvisgaard LK, Bonckaert C, Reddy VR, Li Y, Larsen LE, Nauwynck HJ. Different clinical, virological, serological and tissue tropism outcomes of two new and one old Belgian type 1 subtype 1 porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSV) isolates. Vet Res. 2015, 46:37.<\/li>\n<li>Gimeno M, Darwich L, Diaz I, de la Torre E, Pujols J, Mart\u00edn M, Inumaru S, Cano E, Domingo M, Montoya M, Mateu E. Cytokine profiles and phenotype regulation of antigen presenting cells by genotype-I porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolates. Vet Res. 2011, 18:42:9.<\/li>\n<li>Goldberg TL1, Lowe JF, Milburn SM, Firkins LD. Quasispecies variation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus during natural infection. Virology. 2003, 317:197-207.<\/li>\n<li>Halbur P, Bush E. Update on abortion storms and sow mortality. Swine Health Prod. 1997, 5:73.<\/li>\n<li>Han J, Wang Y, Faaberg KS. Complete genome analysis of RFLP 184 isolates of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Virus Res. 2006, 122:175-82.<\/li>\n<li>Virus taxonomy: classification and nomenclature of viruses: Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Ed: King AMQ, Adams MJ, Carstens EB, Lefkowitz EJ. Elsevier Academic Press. 2012.<\/li>\n<li>Johnson CR, Griggs TF, Gnanandarajah J, Murtaugh MP. Novel structural protein in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus encoded by an alternative ORF5 present in all arteriviruses. J Gen Virol. 2011, 92:1107-16.<\/li>\n<li>Le Gall A, Albina E, Magar R, Gauthier JP. Antigenic variability of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus isolates. Influence of virus passage in pig. Vet Res. 1997, 28:247-57.<\/li>\n<li>Kapur V, Elam MR, Pawlovich TM, Murtaugh MP. Genetic variation in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolates in the midwestern United States. J Gen Virol. 1996, 77:1271-6.<\/li>\n<li>Kuhn JH, Lauck M, Bailey AL, Shchetinin AM, Vishnevskaya TV, B\u00e0o Y, Ng TF, LeBreton M, Schneider BS, Gillis A, Tamoufe U, Diffo Jle D, Takuo JM, Kondov NO, Coffey LL, Wolfe ND, Delwart E, Clawson AN, Postnikova E, Bollinger L, Lackemeyer MG, Radoshitzky SR, Palacios G, Wada J, Shevtsova ZV, Jahrling PB, Lapin BA, Deriabin PG, Dunowska M, Alkhovsky SV, Rogers J, Friedrich TC, O&#8217;Connor DH, Goldberg TL. Reorganization and expansion of the nidoviral family Arteriviridae. Arch Virol. 2016, 161:755-68.<\/li>\n<li>Lee C, Yoo D. The small envelope protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus possesses ion channel protein-like properties. Virology. 2006, 355:30-43.<\/li>\n<li>Martelli P, Cordioli P, Fallacara F, Gozio S, Terreni M, Cavirani S. A follow up study of recurrent acute PRRS (Atypical PRRS-SAMS) and genetic variations of ORF5. In Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Emerging and Re-emerging Pig Diseases, 75-76, 2003, Italy.<\/li>\n<li>Mart\u00edn-Valls GE, Kvisgaard LK, Tello M, Darwich L, Cortey M, Burgara-Estrella AJ, Hern\u00e1ndez J, Larsen LE, Mateu E. Analysis of ORF5 and full-length genome sequences of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolates of genotypes 1 and 2 retrieved worldwide provides evidence that recombination is a common phenomenon and may produce mosaic isolates. J Virol. 2014, 88:3170-81.<\/li>\n<li>Mengeling WL, Lager KM, Vorwald AC. Clinical consequences of exposing pregnant gilts to strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus isolated from field cases of \u201catypical\u201d PRRS. Am J Vet Res. 1998, 59:1540\u20134.<\/li>\n<li>Meulenberg JJ, Petersen-den Besten A, De Kluyver EP, Moormann RJ, Schaaper WM, Wensvoort G. Characterization of proteins encoded by ORFs 2 to 7 of Lelystad virus. Virology. 1995, 206:155-63.<\/li>\n<li>Meulenberg JJ, Petersen den Besten A, de Kluyver E, van Nieuwstadt A, Wensvoort G, Moormann RJ. Molecular characterization of Lelystad virus. Vet Microbiol. 1997, 55:197-202.<\/li>\n<li>Morgan SB, Frossard JP, Pallares FJ, Gough J, Stadejek T, Graham SP, Steinbach F, Drew TW, Salguero FJ. Pathology and virus distribution in the lung and lymphoid tissues of pigs experimentally inoculated with three distinct type 1 prrs virus isolates of varying pathogenicity. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2014. doi: 10.1111\/tbed.12272.<\/li>\n<li>Morgan SB, Graham SP, Salguero FJ, S\u00e1nchez Cord\u00f3n PJ, Mokhtar H, Rebel JM, Weesendorp E, Bodman-Smith KB, Steinbach F, Frossard JP. Increased pathogenicity of European porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus is associated with enhanced adaptive responses and viral clearance. Vet Microbiol. 2013, 163: 13-22.<\/li>\n<li>Murtaugh MP, Elam MR, Kakach LT. Comparison of the structural protein coding sequences of the VR-2332 and Lelystad virus strains of the PRRS virus. Arch Virol. 1995, 140:1451-60.<\/li>\n<li>Murtaugh MP, Yuan S, Faaberg KS. Appearance of novel PRRSV isolates by recombination in the natural environment. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2001, 494:31-6.<\/li>\n<li>Murtaugh MP, Stadejek T, Abrahante JE, Lam TT, Leung FC. The ever-expanding diversity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Virus Res. 2010, 154:18-30.<\/li>\n<li>Music N, Gagnon CA. The role of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus structural and non-structural proteins in virus pathogenesis. Anim Health Res Rev. 2010, 11:135-63.<\/li>\n<li>Oleksiewicz MB, Stadejek T, Ma\u0107kiewicz Z, Porowski M, Pejsak Z. Discriminating between serological responses to European-genotype live vaccine and European-genotype field strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) by peptide ELISA. J Virol Methods. 2005, 129:134-44.<\/li>\n<li>Rowland RR, Steffen M, Ackerman T, Benfield DA. The evolution of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: quasispecies and emergence of a virus subpopulation during infection of pigs with VR-2332. Virology. 1999, 259:262-6.<\/li>\n<li>Shi M, Lam TT, Hon CC, Hui RK, Faaberg KS, Wennblom T, Murtaugh MP, Stadejek T, Leung FC. Molecular epidemiology of PRRSV: a phylogenetic perspective. Virus Res. 2010, 154:7-17.<\/li>\n<li>Sinn LJ, Zieglowski L, Koinig H, Lamp B, Jansko B, M\u00f6\u00dflacher G, Riedel C, Hennig-Pauka I, R\u00fcmenapf T. Characterization of two Austrian porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) field isolates reveals relationship to East Asian strains. Vet Res.\u00a02016, \u00a047:17.<\/li>\n<li>Snijder EJ, Meulenberg JJ. The molecular biology of arteriviruses. J Gen Virol. 1998, 79:961-79. Snijder EJ, Dobbe JC, Spaan WJ. Heterodimerization of the two major proteins is essential for arterivirus infectivity. J Virol. 2003, 77:97-104. Snijder EJ, Kikkert M, Fang Y. Arterivirus molecular biology and pathogenesis. J Gen Virol. 2013, 94:2141-63.<\/li>\n<li>Spilman MS, Welbon C, Nelson E, Dokland T. Cryo-electron tomography of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: organization of the nucleocapsid. J Gen Virol. 2009, 90:527-35.<\/li>\n<li>Stadejek T, Oleksiewicz MB, Potapchuk D, Podg\u00f3rska K. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus strains of exceptional diversity in Eastern Europe support the definition of new genetic subtypes. J Gen Virol. 2006, 87:1835-41.<\/li>\n<li>Stadejek T, Stankevicius A, Murtaugh MP, Oleksiewicz MB. Molecular evolution of PRRSV in Europe: current state of play. Vet Microbiol. 2013, 165:21-8.<\/li>\n<li>Sun L, Li Y, Liu R, Wang X, Gao F, Lin T, Huang T, Yao H, Tong G, Fan H, Wei Z, Yuan S. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus ORF5a protein is essential for virus viability. Virus Res. 2013, 171:178-85.<\/li>\n<li>Tian D, Wei Z, Zevenhoven-Dobbe JC, Liu R, Tong G, Snijder EJ, Yuan S. Arterivirus minor envelope proteins are a major determinant of viral tropism in cell culture. J Virol. 2012, 86:3701-12.<\/li>\n<li>Truong HM, Lu Z, Kutish GF, Galeota J, Osorio FA, Pattnaik AK. A highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus generated from an infectious cDNA clone retains the in vivo virulence and transmissibility properties of the parental virus. Virology. 2004, 325:308\u201319.<\/li>\n<li>Van Vugt JJ, Storgaard T, Oleksiewicz MB, B\u00f8tner A. High frequency RNA recombination in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus occurs preferentially between parental sequences with high similarity. J Gen Virol. 2001, 82:2615-20.<\/li>\n<li>Wang X, Marthaler D, Rovira A, Rossow S, Murtaugh MP. Emergence of a virulent porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in vaccinated herds in the United States. Virus Res. 2015, 210:34-41.<\/li>\n<li>Weiland E, Wieczorek-Krohmer M, Kohl D, Conzelmann KK, Weiland F. Monoclonal antibodies to the GP5 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus are more effective in virus neutralization than monoclonal antibodies to the GP4. Vet Microbiol. 1999, 66:171-86.<\/li>\n<li>Wissink EH, Kroese MV, van Wijk HA, Rijsewijk FA, Meulenberg JJ, Rottier PJ. Envelope protein requirements for the assembly of infectious virions of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J Virol. 2005, 79:12495-506.<\/li>\n<li>Zhao K, Ye C, Chang XB, Jiang CG, Wang SJ, Cai XH, Tong GZ, Tian ZJ, Shi M, An TQ. Importation and Recombination Are Responsible for the Latest Emergence of Highly Pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in China. J Virol. 2015, 89:10712-6.<\/li>\n<li>Zimmerman JJ, Benfield DA, Dee SA, Murtaugh MP, Stadejek T, Stevenson GW, Torremorell M. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (porcine arterivirus). In: 10th ed. Diseases of swine, Ed. Wiley-Blackwell. 2012, 31:463-86.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/p><\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align:center\" class=\"yasr-auto-insert-visitor\"><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row][vc_column width=\u00bb1\/1&#8243;][vc_column_text] La diversidad gen\u00e9tica del virus del PRRS es el resultado de los fen\u00f3menos de mutaci\u00f3n y\u00a0selecci\u00f3n, pero tambi\u00e9n de recombinaci\u00f3n: Mutaciones aleatorias: Asumimos que la tasa de mutaci\u00f3n del virus del\u00a0PRRS es una de las m\u00e1s altas, siendo hasta 40 veces superior a la tasa de\u00a0mutaci\u00f3n de otros virus muy conocidos, como el virus de la Influenza Aviar o\u00a0el virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana. Como ocurre con otros virus ARN,\u00a0su ARN polimerasa no tiene la capacidad de corregir los errores comunes e\u00a0inherentes que ocurren durante la transcripci\u00f3n. Dado que estos errores\u00a0aparecen cada 100-1.000 nucle\u00f3tidos, cada nuevo virus que se forma puede\u00a0ser diferente al anterior. Como consecuencia, se producen nuevas variantes\u00a0virales que tienen secuencias nucleot\u00eddicas diferentes a las del progenitor. As\u00ed,\u00a0en un cerdo infectado, el virus del PRRS existe como una nube, agrupaci\u00f3n o\u00a0distribuci\u00f3n de variantes v\u00edricas diversas, las cuales est\u00e1n relacionadas entre\u00a0s\u00ed por tener mutaciones similares. Las variantes contribuyen colectivamente a\u00a0las caracter\u00edsticas de la poblaci\u00f3n y est\u00e1n sujetas a la variaci\u00f3n, competici\u00f3n\u00a0y selecci\u00f3n. Esta forma de distribuci\u00f3n se conoce como cuasiespecie. Se\u00a0ha especulado que la inmunomodulaci\u00f3n ejercida por parte del virus y la\u00a0evoluci\u00f3n en cuasiespecies juegan un papel muy importante durante la\u00a0infecci\u00f3n del virus del PRRS y su [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":17056,"parent":20609,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_cbd_carousel_blocks":"[]","yasr_overall_rating":0,"yasr_post_is_review":"","yasr_auto_insert_disabled":"","yasr_review_type":"Product","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-20600","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yasr_visitor_votes":{"number_of_votes":0,"sum_votes":0,"stars_attributes":{"read_only":false,"span_bottom":false}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20600","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20600"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20600\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":20840,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20600\/revisions\/20840"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20609"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/17056"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20600"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=20600"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=20600"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}