{"id":20629,"date":"2021-03-22T11:26:47","date_gmt":"2021-03-22T11:26:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/prrscontrolidiomas.advertis.es\/inmunologia\/1-respuesta-inmunitaria\/"},"modified":"2021-03-26T09:52:27","modified_gmt":"2021-03-26T09:52:27","slug":"respuesta-inmunitaria","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/inmunologia\/respuesta-inmunitaria\/","title":{"rendered":"<span>1<\/span> Respuesta inmunitaria"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><p>[vc_row][vc_column width=\u00bb1\/1&#8243;][vc_column_text el_class=\u00bbintro\u00bb]Para poder entender mejor el desarrollo de la inmunidad que se genera frente al virus del PRRS,\u00a0es conveniente tener una idea general del funcionamiento del sistema inmunitario.<\/p>\n<p>Desde\u00a0un punto de vista acad\u00e9mico, la respuesta inmunitaria se divide entre <strong>innata\/inespec\u00edfica<\/strong>\u00a0y <strong>adaptativa\/espec\u00edfica<\/strong>, aunque en realidad deben considerarse como un \u00fanico proceso\u00a0continuo en el cual existen estrechas interacciones.<\/p>\n<p>De forma breve, las principales diferencias\u00a0entre la inmunidad innata y la adaptativa radican en <strong>tiempo<\/strong>, <strong>especificidad<\/strong> y <strong>memoria<\/strong>.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]La <strong>inmunidad innata<\/strong> se desarrolla de forma <strong>inmediata<\/strong> como primera respuesta a una\u00a0infecci\u00f3n. En esta fase, las c\u00e9lulas se activan a trav\u00e9s de patrones moleculares conservados\u00a0y asociados a los pat\u00f3genos.<\/p>\n<p>La inmunidad adaptativa, caracterizada por la actividad\u00a0citot\u00f3xica y la producci\u00f3n de anticuerpos, se desarrolla m\u00e1s tarde.<\/p>\n<p>En esta fase, las c\u00e9lulas\u00a0son capaces de responder a ant\u00edgenos espec\u00edficos. Para ello, el procesamiento y presentaci\u00f3n\u00a0de los ant\u00edgenos son procesos esenciales.<\/p>\n<p>Adem\u00e1s, durante el desarrollo de la inmunidad\u00a0adaptativa, subpoblaciones de linfocitos B y T pueden sobrevivir como c\u00e9lulas de memoria.<\/p>\n<p>Tras una nueva exposici\u00f3n al mismo ant\u00edgeno, estas c\u00e9lulas de memoria espec\u00edficas de\u00a0ant\u00edgeno pueden movilizarse y responder r\u00e1pidamente. Por lo tanto, la inmunidad adaptativa\u00a0tendr\u00e1 la capacidad de responder de forma <strong>m\u00e1s r\u00e1pida y efectiva<\/strong> frente a aquellos <strong>pat\u00f3genos\u00a0<\/strong>con los que el hospedador ya hab\u00eda tenido un <strong>contacto previo<\/strong>.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]El siguiente esquema muestra de forma resumida los actores y componentes que\u00a0participan en la inmunidad innata y en la adaptativa. La inmunidad innata incluye\u00a0importantes procesos tales como la inflamaci\u00f3n y la presentaci\u00f3n de ant\u00edgenos.<\/p>\n<p>Como\u00a0puede observarse, el procesamiento y presentaci\u00f3n de ant\u00edgeno es esencial para un\u00a0correcto desarrollo de la inmunidad adaptativa.[\/vc_column_text]<div class=\"single_image wpb_content_element align-left  animate image_box_rounded image_zoom \" data-animation=\"fade-in\" data-delay=\"300\"><a href=\"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Inmunidad.jpg\" class=\"prettyPhoto\" rel=\"prettyPhoto[image]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1400\" height=\"752\" src=\"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Inmunidad.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full\" alt=\"\" title=\"Inmunidad\" srcset=\"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Inmunidad.jpg 1400w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Inmunidad-300x161.jpg 300w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Inmunidad-768x413.jpg 768w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Inmunidad-1024x550.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Inmunidad-750x403.jpg 750w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Inmunidad-1140x612.jpg 1140w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\" \/><\/a><\/div>[vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h2>Inmunidad innata:<\/h2>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Como hemos visto, la inmunidad innata reconoce y responde frente a los pat\u00f3genos de forma\u00a0gen\u00e9rica y adem\u00e1s <strong>no confiere inmunidad duradera<\/strong>. Por tanto, su principal caracter\u00edstica\u00a0es la capacidad de responder de forma inmediata y amplia frente a las infecciones y otros\u00a0problemas o alteraciones.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Aparte de las barreras naturales, la inmunidad innata incluye componentes <strong>humorales<\/strong> (sistema\u00a0del complemento, citoquinas, etc.) e <strong>inmunidad mediada<\/strong> por c\u00e9lulas.<\/p>\n<p>Los componentes de\u00a0la inmunidad mediada por c\u00e9lulas son: granulocitos (bas\u00f3filos, eosin\u00f3filos y neutr\u00f3filos),\u00a0macr\u00f3fagos, mastocitos, c\u00e9lulas dendr\u00edticas y c\u00e9lulas asesinas naturales (NK por su acr\u00f3nimo\u00a0en ingl\u00e9s).<\/p>\n<p>Aunque la inmunidad innata podr\u00eda parecer una mera primera l\u00ednea de defensa\u00a0sencilla y tosca, en realidad es esencial para el desarrollo de la respuesta adaptativa.<\/p>\n<p>De\u00a0hecho, las se\u00f1ales de la inmunidad innata dirigen la activaci\u00f3n y polarizaci\u00f3n de los cuatro\u00a0subtipos principales de linfocitos T colaboradores (Th por su acr\u00f3nimo en ingl\u00e9s), los cuales\u00a0son elementos clave en la respuesta adaptativa. Puesto que los Th son incapaces de reconocer\u00a0los ant\u00edgenos por s\u00ed mismos, necesitan que las c\u00e9lulas presentadoras de ant\u00edgeno (APC por su\u00a0acr\u00f3nimo en ingl\u00e9s) procesen y les presenten el ant\u00edgeno. Las APC incluyen las c\u00e9lulas dendr\u00edticas\u00a0(DC por su acr\u00f3nimo en ingl\u00e9s), macr\u00f3fagos y linfocitos B. Concretamente, se considera que las\u00a0DC son las APC profesionales para la imprimaci\u00f3n de los linfocitos T v\u00edrgenes.<\/p>\n<p>En definitiva,\u00a0podemos afirmar que las DC son el puente que conecta la inmunidad innata y la adaptativa.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<strong>La diferenciaci\u00f3n y polarizaci\u00f3n de los Th est\u00e1 dirigida por las APC<\/strong>. La co-estimulaci\u00f3n de\u00a0mol\u00e9culas presentes en la superficie de las APC, junto a la liberaci\u00f3n de ciertas citoquinas\u00a0presentes en el entorno inmediato de la c\u00e9lula, act\u00faan como se\u00f1ales que dirigen la activaci\u00f3n\u00a0y polarizaci\u00f3n de los cuatro principales subtipos de linfocitos Th.[\/vc_column_text]<div class=\"single_image wpb_content_element align-left  animate image_box_rounded image_zoom \" data-animation=\"fade-in\" data-delay=\"300\"><a href=\"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Procesamiento-y-presentacion-del-antigeno.jpg\" class=\"prettyPhoto\" rel=\"prettyPhoto[image]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1400\" height=\"780\" src=\"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Procesamiento-y-presentacion-del-antigeno.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full\" alt=\"\" title=\"Procesamiento-y-presentacion-del-antigeno\" srcset=\"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Procesamiento-y-presentacion-del-antigeno.jpg 1400w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Procesamiento-y-presentacion-del-antigeno-300x167.jpg 300w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Procesamiento-y-presentacion-del-antigeno-768x428.jpg 768w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Procesamiento-y-presentacion-del-antigeno-1024x571.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Procesamiento-y-presentacion-del-antigeno-750x418.jpg 750w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Procesamiento-y-presentacion-del-antigeno-1140x635.jpg 1140w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\" \/><\/a><\/div>[vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h2>Inmunidad adaptativa:<\/h2>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Como hemos visto, las APC interact\u00faan con los linfocitos Th e inducen su polarizaci\u00f3n hacia\u00a0uno de los cuatro principales subtipos: Th1, Th2, Th17 y linfocitos T reguladores (Treg).[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Linfocito Th1<\/strong>: La principal citoquina liberada por los Th1 es el <strong>IFN-\u03b3<\/strong>. Los Th1 participan\u00a0principalmente frente a infecciones v\u00edricas, a trav\u00e9s del IFN-\u03b3 y de la activaci\u00f3n de linfocitos T\u00a0citot\u00f3xicos, los cuales eliminan las c\u00e9lulas infectadas. El IFN-\u03b3 tambi\u00e9n activa a los macr\u00f3fagos.\u00a0<strong>Los linfocitos Th1 colaboran tambi\u00e9n con los linfocitos B para la producci\u00f3n de anticuerpos<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Linfocito Th2<\/strong>: Este subtipo juega un papel central en la <strong>producci\u00f3n de anticuerpos<\/strong>, ya que\u00a0secreta citoquinas que participan en la activaci\u00f3n y diferenciaci\u00f3n de los linfocitos B en c\u00e9lulas\u00a0plasm\u00e1ticas, tambi\u00e9n conocidas como factor\u00edas de anticuerpos.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Linfocito Th17<\/strong>: Estas c\u00e9lulas tienen un rol principal frente a pat\u00f3genos extracelulares (bacterias\u00a0y hongos) <strong>reclutando y activando los neutr\u00f3filos y los macr\u00f3fagos<\/strong>. Adem\u00e1s, los Th17 podr\u00edan\u00a0tambi\u00e9n activarse durante las infecciones v\u00edricas, aunque su papel en la protecci\u00f3n frente a los\u00a0virus no est\u00e1 del todo clara.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Linfocito T reguladores<\/strong>: Tal y como su nombre indica, la principal funci\u00f3n de estas c\u00e9lulas\u00a0es <strong>regular las respuestas inmunitarias<\/strong>. Son muy \u00fatiles en la prevenci\u00f3n del desarrollo de\u00a0respuestas frente a ant\u00edgenos propios (autoinmunidad) y limitando las respuestas inmunitarias\u00a0excesivas frente a los pat\u00f3genos (inmunopatolog\u00eda inducida por infecci\u00f3n).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Visi\u00f3n global de la respuesta inmunitaria adaptativa (polarizaci\u00f3n de los linfocitos Th hacia Th1\u00a0o Th2) tras el reconocimiento de un virus por las APC.<\/p>\n<p>Las c\u00e9lulas presentadoras de ant\u00edgeno (APC) procesan y presentan el ant\u00edgeno a los linfocitos\u00a0Th0. Las se\u00f1ales que emiten las APC antes y durante la presentaci\u00f3n del ant\u00edgeno dirigen la\u00a0diferenciaci\u00f3n y expansi\u00f3n de los subtipos de linfocitos Th.<\/p>\n<p>La polarizaci\u00f3n Th1 produce IL-2,\u00a0IFN-\u03b3 y TNF-\u03b1. Esto se traduce en la activaci\u00f3n y diferenciaci\u00f3n de los linfocitos citot\u00f3xicos,\u00a0los cuales eliminan las c\u00e9lulas infectadas.<\/p>\n<p>Los linfocitos Th2 activados producen citoquinas\u00a0estimulantes de los linfocitos B, lo cual promueve la diferenciaci\u00f3n de estos a c\u00e9lulas\u00a0plasm\u00e1ticas. Las c\u00e9lulas plasm\u00e1ticas ser\u00e1n las encargadas de producir grandes cantidades de\u00a0anticuerpos.[\/vc_column_text]<div class=\"single_image wpb_content_element align-left  animate image_box_rounded image_zoom \" data-animation=\"fade-in\" data-delay=\"300\"><a href=\"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Polarizacion-Th1-Th2.jpg\" class=\"prettyPhoto\" rel=\"prettyPhoto[image]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1400\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Polarizacion-Th1-Th2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full\" alt=\"\" title=\"Polarizacion-Th1-Th2\" srcset=\"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Polarizacion-Th1-Th2.jpg 1400w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Polarizacion-Th1-Th2-300x219.jpg 300w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Polarizacion-Th1-Th2-768x562.jpg 768w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Polarizacion-Th1-Th2-1024x749.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Polarizacion-Th1-Th2-750x549.jpg 750w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Polarizacion-Th1-Th2-1140x834.jpg 1140w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\" \/><\/a><\/div>[vc_column_text el_class=\u00bbaviso\u00bb]<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a9 Laboratorios Hipra, S.A. 2026. Reservados todos los derechos.<br \/>\nNinguna parte de este sitio web o cualquiera de sus contenidos puede ser reproducida, copiada, modificada o adaptada, sin el consentimiento previo por escrito de HIPRA.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row top_padding=\u00bb30&#8243; row_id=\u00bbreferencias\u00bb][vc_column width=\u00bb1\/1&#8243;]<div class=\"toggle\"><div class=\"toggle-title \"><i class='fa fal fa-book'><\/i>Referencias<\/div><div class=\"toggle-inner\"><p>\n<ul>\n<li>Albina E, Carrat C, Charley B. Interferon-alpha response to swine arterivirus (PoAV), the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 1998, 18:485-90.<\/li>\n<li>Ansari IH, Kwon B, Osorio FA, Pattnaik AK. Influence of N-linked glycosylation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus GP5 on virus infectivity, antigenicity, and ability to induce neutralizing antibodies. 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Desde\u00a0un punto de vista acad\u00e9mico, la respuesta inmunitaria se divide entre innata\/inespec\u00edfica\u00a0y adaptativa\/espec\u00edfica, aunque en realidad deben considerarse como un \u00fanico proceso\u00a0continuo en el cual existen estrechas interacciones. De forma breve, las principales diferencias\u00a0entre la inmunidad innata y la adaptativa radican en tiempo, especificidad y memoria.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]La inmunidad innata se desarrolla de forma inmediata como primera respuesta a una\u00a0infecci\u00f3n. En esta fase, las c\u00e9lulas se activan a trav\u00e9s de patrones moleculares conservados\u00a0y asociados a los pat\u00f3genos. La inmunidad adaptativa, caracterizada por la actividad\u00a0citot\u00f3xica y la producci\u00f3n de anticuerpos, se desarrolla m\u00e1s tarde. En esta fase, las c\u00e9lulas\u00a0son capaces de responder a ant\u00edgenos espec\u00edficos. Para ello, el procesamiento y presentaci\u00f3n\u00a0de los ant\u00edgenos son procesos esenciales. Adem\u00e1s, durante el desarrollo de la inmunidad\u00a0adaptativa, subpoblaciones de linfocitos B y T pueden sobrevivir como c\u00e9lulas de memoria. Tras una nueva exposici\u00f3n al mismo ant\u00edgeno, estas c\u00e9lulas de memoria espec\u00edficas de\u00a0ant\u00edgeno pueden movilizarse y responder r\u00e1pidamente. Por lo tanto, la inmunidad adaptativa\u00a0tendr\u00e1 la capacidad de responder de forma m\u00e1s r\u00e1pida y efectiva frente a aquellos pat\u00f3genos\u00a0con los [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":17056,"parent":20627,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_cbd_carousel_blocks":"[]","yasr_overall_rating":0,"yasr_post_is_review":"","yasr_auto_insert_disabled":"","yasr_review_type":"Product","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-20629","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yasr_visitor_votes":{"number_of_votes":0,"sum_votes":0,"stars_attributes":{"read_only":false,"span_bottom":false}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20629","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20629"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20629\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":20851,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20629\/revisions\/20851"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20627"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/17056"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20629"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=20629"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=20629"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}