{"id":20668,"date":"2021-03-22T12:14:27","date_gmt":"2021-03-22T12:14:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/prrscontrolidiomas.advertis.es\/inmunologia\/4-respuesta-inmunitaria-adaptativa\/"},"modified":"2021-03-24T19:13:57","modified_gmt":"2021-03-24T19:13:57","slug":"respuesta-inmunitaria-adaptativa","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/inmunologia\/respuesta-inmunitaria-adaptativa\/","title":{"rendered":"<span>4<\/span> Respuesta inmunitaria adaptativa"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><p>[vc_row][vc_column width=\u00bb1\/1&#8243;][vc_column_text el_class=\u00bbintro\u00bb]Los estudios relacionados con la respuesta adaptativa frente a este virus se han focalizado\u00a0principalmente en el desarrollo de los anticuerpos neutralizantes (AN) y en la inmunidad\u00a0mediada por c\u00e9lulas.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Se ha demostrado ampliamente que ambos componentes, AN y\u00a0respuesta celular, aparecen de forma inusual, pobre y tard\u00eda.<\/strong>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h3>Respuesta humoral frente al virus del PRRS:<\/h3>\n<p>Los <strong>anticuerpos<\/strong> circulantes frente al\u00a0virus pueden detectarse en algunos cerdos tan pronto como a 5-9 d\u00edas posinfecci\u00f3n (PI).\u00a0Normalmente, todos los animales ya habr\u00e1n seroconvertido sobre la segunda-tercera\u00a0semana PI.<\/p>\n<p>Durante estas primeras fases predominan las IgM, las cuales se pueden\u00a0detectar hasta 42 d\u00edas PI.<\/p>\n<p>A partir de la segunda semana aparecen las IgG, que alcanzan\u00a0su m\u00e1ximo entre la tercera y sexta semana, persistiendo durante meses. Aunque se\u00a0desarrollan anticuerpos frente a nsp7, GP3, GP5 y M, la mayor\u00eda de ellos est\u00e1n dirigidos\u00a0frente a la prote\u00edna N y las nsp1 y nsp2.<\/p>\n<p>Esta r\u00e1pida respuesta humoral est\u00e1 desprovista de\u00a0capacidad neutralizante.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<strong>La mayor\u00eda de pruebas diagn\u00f3sticas detectan los anticuerpos<\/strong> que se crean frente a la<strong>\u00a0prote\u00edna N<\/strong>. Como hemos visto, estos anticuerpos aparecen pronto y persisten durante\u00a0meses. <strong>Sin embargo, no son neutralizantes y no se correlacionan con la protecci\u00f3n<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Adem\u00e1s, se ha sugerido, a partir de estudios realizados <em>in vivo<\/em> e <em>in vitro<\/em>, que los anticuerpos\u00a0no neutralizantes podr\u00edan favorecer la replicaci\u00f3n del virus en los macr\u00f3fagos, fen\u00f3meno\u00a0conocido como incremento dependiente de anticuerpos (ADE, por su acr\u00f3nimo en ingl\u00e9s). Durante este fen\u00f3meno los anticuerpos actuar\u00edan como caballo de Troya facilitando la\u00a0internalizaci\u00f3n de las part\u00edculas v\u00edricas en los macr\u00f3fagos.<\/p>\n<p>La importancia real de este\u00a0fen\u00f3meno en la patogenia del PRRS no est\u00e1 clara, ya que la demostraci\u00f3n de su existencia\u00a0entre diferentes laboratorios ha sido muy variable.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Los <strong>anticuerpos neutralizantes (AN)<\/strong> raramente pueden detectarse antes de un mes. De\u00a0todas formas, los t\u00edtulos de AN frente al virus son normalmente bajos (&lt; 1:32) y a veces\u00a0incluso inexistentes.<\/p>\n<p>Se han descrito numerosas prote\u00ednas del virus frente a las cuales se\u00a0producen los AN, entre ellas GP2a, GP3, GP4, GP5 y la prote\u00edna N.<\/p>\n<p>En el pasado, se acept\u00f3\u00a0de forma amplia que el ep\u00edtopo mayor de neutralizaci\u00f3n se encontraba en la GP5. Sin\u00a0embargo, estudios recientes cuestionan esta idea. Cerdos modificados gen\u00e9ticamente\u00a0que no expresan el CD163 son resistentes al virus del PRRS, lo cual demuestra que este\u00a0receptor es necesario para la infecci\u00f3n y la replicaci\u00f3n del virus. Por tanto, es razonable\u00a0esperar que regiones dentro de <strong>GP2, GP3 y GP4,<\/strong> las cuales interact\u00faan con <strong>CD163, sean las\u00a0principales candidatas para contener los ep\u00edtopos principales de neutralizaci\u00f3n<\/strong>.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<strong>Los t\u00edtulos de AN var\u00edan seg\u00fan los aislados del virus<\/strong>. En algunos casos, los AN incluso ni\u00a0siquiera se producen. Por otro lado, los t\u00edtulos frente a una misma cepa var\u00edan dependiendo\u00a0tambi\u00e9n del animal.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h3>Inmunidad mediada por c\u00e9lulas frente al virus del PRRS:<\/h3>\n<p>Se ha demostrado que la\u00a0inmunidad mediada por c\u00e9lulas frente al virus del PRRS es inusual, de <strong>baja intensidad y\u00a0de aparici\u00f3n tard\u00eda<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>En primer lugar, las respuestas proliferativas frente al virus aparecen\u00a0tarde, sobre las cuatro semanas.<\/p>\n<p>En segundo lugar, la <strong>citotoxicidad espec\u00edfica por parte de\u00a0los linfocitos T<\/strong> es muy d\u00e9bil y de desarrollo lento. Algunos autores incluso sugieren que los\u00a0linfocitos T no muestran actividad citot\u00f3xica, probablemente debido a un defecto en el\u00a0reconocimiento de las c\u00e9lulas infectadas (ya sea porque existe un bloqueo de los mecanismos\u00a0de citotoxicidad o porque los linfocitos T citot\u00f3xicos no son virus-espec\u00edficos).<\/p>\n<p>En tercer lugar,\u00a0varios estudios han demostrado, usando la t\u00e9cnica de ELISPOT que las c\u00e9lulas productoras de\u00a0<strong>IFN-\u03b3<\/strong> (CP-IFN-\u03b3) espec\u00edficas del virus aparecen despu\u00e9s de las 2-3 semanas PI. M\u00e1s tarde, su\u00a0desarrollo es err\u00e1tico durante semanas, increment\u00e1ndose lentamente.<\/p>\n<p>Comparado con otros\u00a0virus comunes del cerdo, las frecuencias de las CP-IFN-\u03b3 espec\u00edficas del virus del PRRS son del\u00a0orden de 3-4 veces inferiores, ya sea tras la infecci\u00f3n o tras la vacunaci\u00f3n.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<strong>La inmunidad mediada por c\u00e9lulas tambi\u00e9n puede variar seg\u00fan el aislado<\/strong>. Se ha demostrado\u00a0que numerosas prote\u00ednas del virus podr\u00edan ser los objetivos de la respuesta celular, entre ellas\u00a0la nsp1, nsp2, nsp5, nsp7, nsp9 y nsp11, las GP3, GP4, GP5, la prote\u00edna N y la prote\u00edna M.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text el_class=\u00bbdestacado\u00bb]<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>El background gen\u00e9tico del hospedador podr\u00eda\u00a0influir tambi\u00e9n en la producci\u00f3n de los AN y en\u00a0la inmunidad mediada por c\u00e9lulas. El patr\u00f3n de las respuestas humoral y celular tras la\u00a0vacunaci\u00f3n es muy similar al obtenido tras la infecci\u00f3n.<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text el_class=\u00bbaviso\u00bb]<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a9 Laboratorios Hipra, S.A. 2026. Reservados todos los derechos.<br \/>\nNinguna parte de este sitio web o cualquiera de sus contenidos puede ser reproducida, copiada, modificada o adaptada, sin el consentimiento previo por escrito de HIPRA.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row top_padding=\u00bb30&#8243; row_id=\u00bbreferencias\u00bb][vc_column width=\u00bb1\/1&#8243;]<div class=\"toggle\"><div class=\"toggle-title \"><i class='fa fal fa-book'><\/i>Referencias<\/div><div class=\"toggle-inner\"><p>\n<ul>\n<li>Albina E, Carrat C, Charley B. Interferon-alpha response to swine arterivirus (PoAV), the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. 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Se ha demostrado ampliamente que ambos componentes, AN y\u00a0respuesta celular, aparecen de forma inusual, pobre y tard\u00eda.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text] Respuesta humoral frente al virus del PRRS: Los anticuerpos circulantes frente al\u00a0virus pueden detectarse en algunos cerdos tan pronto como a 5-9 d\u00edas posinfecci\u00f3n (PI).\u00a0Normalmente, todos los animales ya habr\u00e1n seroconvertido sobre la segunda-tercera\u00a0semana PI. Durante estas primeras fases predominan las IgM, las cuales se pueden\u00a0detectar hasta 42 d\u00edas PI. A partir de la segunda semana aparecen las IgG, que alcanzan\u00a0su m\u00e1ximo entre la tercera y sexta semana, persistiendo durante meses. Aunque se\u00a0desarrollan anticuerpos frente a nsp7, GP3, GP5 y M, la mayor\u00eda de ellos est\u00e1n dirigidos\u00a0frente a la prote\u00edna N y las nsp1 y nsp2. Esta r\u00e1pida respuesta humoral est\u00e1 desprovista de\u00a0capacidad neutralizante.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]La mayor\u00eda de pruebas diagn\u00f3sticas detectan los anticuerpos que se crean frente a la\u00a0prote\u00edna N. Como hemos visto, estos anticuerpos aparecen pronto y persisten durante\u00a0meses. Sin embargo, no son neutralizantes y no se correlacionan con la protecci\u00f3n. Adem\u00e1s, se ha sugerido, a partir de estudios realizados in vivo e in [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":17056,"parent":20627,"menu_order":4,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_cbd_carousel_blocks":"[]","yasr_overall_rating":0,"yasr_post_is_review":"","yasr_auto_insert_disabled":"","yasr_review_type":"Product","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-20668","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yasr_visitor_votes":{"number_of_votes":0,"sum_votes":0,"stars_attributes":{"read_only":false,"span_bottom":false}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20668","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20668"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20668\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":20669,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20668\/revisions\/20669"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20627"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/17056"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20668"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=20668"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=20668"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}