{"id":20670,"date":"2021-03-22T15:13:50","date_gmt":"2021-03-22T15:13:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/prrscontrolidiomas.advertis.es\/inmunologia\/5-preguntas-mas-frecuentes-sobre-la-inmunologia-del-prrs\/"},"modified":"2021-06-11T16:39:28","modified_gmt":"2021-06-11T16:39:28","slug":"preguntas-mas-frecuentes-sobre-la-inmunologia-del-prrs","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/inmunologia\/preguntas-mas-frecuentes-sobre-la-inmunologia-del-prrs\/","title":{"rendered":"<span>5<\/span> \u00bfPor qu\u00e9 los AN no se desarrollan de forma tan pronunciada y temprana como los anticuerpos no-neutralizantes?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><p>[vc_row][vc_column width=\u00bb1\/1&#8243;][vc_column_text]Se han propuesto varias hip\u00f3tesis para explicar este fen\u00f3meno:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Modulaci\u00f3n en la expresi\u00f3n de mol\u00e9culas de superficie inmunol\u00f3gicamente\u00a0relevantes y pobre estimulaci\u00f3n de citoquinas<\/strong>:<br \/>\nTal y como se describi\u00f3\u00a0anteriormente, la modulaci\u00f3n por parte del virus del PRRS sobre las APC puede\u00a0interferir en el correcto desarrollo de las respuestas Th1 y Th2. Este hecho provocar\u00eda\u00a0un retraso en la movilizaci\u00f3n de la inmunidad adaptativa y, consecuentemente, una\u00a0producci\u00f3n baja de AN.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Existencia de un ep\u00edtopo de distracci\u00f3n inmunodominante en la GP5 cercano\u00a0al ep\u00edtopo neutralizante<\/strong>:<br \/>\nUn ep\u00edtopo no neutralizante e inmunodominante se\u00a0localiza cerca de un ep\u00edtopo neutralizante. La respuesta humoral pronunciada y\u00a0temprana estar\u00eda dirigida en primer lugar hacia el ep\u00edtopo dominante, mientras\u00a0que la respuesta frente al ep\u00edtopo que induce la producci\u00f3n de AN tendr\u00eda lugar\u00a0mucho m\u00e1s tarde.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Glicolisaci\u00f3n en, o flanqueando, los ep\u00edtopos neutralizantes<\/strong>:<br \/>\nLas prote\u00ednas de\u00a0membrana est\u00e1n frecuentemente modificadas mediante la inserci\u00f3n de cadenas de\u00a0az\u00facar conocidas como glicanos. Los N-glicanos son el tipo de glicanos que se pueden\u00a0encontrar en el virus del PRRS. La presencia de estos compuestos en los ep\u00edtopos\u00a0neutralizantes, o flanque\u00e1ndolos, puede actuar como un escudo que enmascarar\u00eda\u00a0los ep\u00edtopos e interferir\u00eda con la avidez y especificidad de los anticuerpos.<br \/>\nEl patr\u00f3n\u00a0de localizaci\u00f3n y la cantidad de estas glicosilaciones var\u00eda seg\u00fan los aislados del\u00a0virus. Se han descrito varios puntos potenciales de glicosilaci\u00f3n: hasta 6 en la GP3,\u00a0hasta 4 en la GP4 y hasta 4 en la GP5 (un m\u00e1ximo de 3 en PRRSV1 y de 4 en PRRSV2).<br \/>\nCuriosamente, los estudios que han usado cepas de campo y los respectivos\u00a0mutantes desprovistos de glicosilaciones han observado que los t\u00edtulos de AN son\u00a0mayores cuando los cerdos se infectaban con los mutantes. Adem\u00e1s, en presencia\u00a0de AN preformados, los mutantes eran mucho m\u00e1s susceptibles a la neutralizaci\u00f3n.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Proliferaci\u00f3n y desarrollo anormal del repertorio de linfocitos B<\/strong>:<br \/>\nEl virus\u00a0del PRRS induce la activaci\u00f3n policlonal de linfocitos B y una adenopat\u00eda linfoide.\u00a0Aparentemente, existe una p\u00e9rdida de la subpoblaci\u00f3n de linfocitos B activados\u00a0(CD2- CD21-) en los cerdos infectados, lo cual se traduce en una pobre maduraci\u00f3n\u00a0de la afinidad y de la generaci\u00f3n de c\u00e9lulas de memoria.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Diversidad gen\u00e9tica<\/strong>:<br \/>\nLa elevada diversidad gen\u00e9tica del virus tambi\u00e9n podr\u00eda\u00a0desarrollar un papel importante. Durante la infecci\u00f3n se crean de forma continua\u00a0mutantes que pueden escapar de la respuesta inmunitaria e impedir el correcto\u00a0desarrollo de los AN.<br \/>\nEn este sentido, se ha observado tambi\u00e9n que las variaciones\u00a0en las ORF2-4 y ORF5-6 durante fases tempranas de la infecci\u00f3n pueden incrementar\u00a0la resistencia frente a los AN.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text]<div class=\"single_image wpb_content_element align-left  animate image_box_rounded image_zoom \" data-animation=\"fade-in\" data-delay=\"300\"><a href=\"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Hipotesis-del-epitopo-de-distraccion.jpg\" class=\"prettyPhoto\" rel=\"prettyPhoto[image]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1400\" height=\"1120\" src=\"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Hipotesis-del-epitopo-de-distraccion.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full\" alt=\"\" title=\"Hipotesis-del-epitopo-de-distraccion\" srcset=\"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Hipotesis-del-epitopo-de-distraccion.jpg 1400w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Hipotesis-del-epitopo-de-distraccion-300x240.jpg 300w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Hipotesis-del-epitopo-de-distraccion-768x614.jpg 768w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Hipotesis-del-epitopo-de-distraccion-1024x819.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Hipotesis-del-epitopo-de-distraccion-750x600.jpg 750w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Hipotesis-del-epitopo-de-distraccion-1140x912.jpg 1140w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\" \/><\/a><\/div>[vc_column_text el_class=\u00bbintro\u00bb]La siguiente figura muestra la hip\u00f3tesis basada en la existencia de un ep\u00edtopo de distracci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<p>El\u00a0ep\u00edtopo A inducir\u00eda una respuesta humoral no-neutralizante r\u00e1pida y robusta, mientras que los\u00a0anticuerpos neutralizantes frente al ep\u00edtopo B aparecer\u00edan tarde y en baja cantidad.[\/vc_column_text]<div class=\"single_image wpb_content_element align-left  animate image_box_rounded image_zoom \" data-animation=\"fade-in\" data-delay=\"300\"><a href=\"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/N-glicosilacion-de-los-epitopos-neutralizantes.jpg\" class=\"prettyPhoto\" rel=\"prettyPhoto[image]\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1400\" height=\"1028\" src=\"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/N-glicosilacion-de-los-epitopos-neutralizantes.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full\" alt=\"\" title=\"N-glicosilacion-de-los-epitopos-neutralizantes\" srcset=\"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/N-glicosilacion-de-los-epitopos-neutralizantes.jpg 1400w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/N-glicosilacion-de-los-epitopos-neutralizantes-300x220.jpg 300w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/N-glicosilacion-de-los-epitopos-neutralizantes-768x564.jpg 768w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/N-glicosilacion-de-los-epitopos-neutralizantes-1024x752.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/N-glicosilacion-de-los-epitopos-neutralizantes-750x551.jpg 750w, https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/N-glicosilacion-de-los-epitopos-neutralizantes-1140x837.jpg 1140w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\" \/><\/a><\/div>[vc_column_text]La siguiente figura muestra como los N-glicanos podr\u00edan actuar como escudo e interferir en\u00a0el reconocimiento\/adhesi\u00f3n del anticuerpo.<\/p>\n<p>En el ejemplo, la presencia de los N-glicanos\u00a0en la cepa 1 dentro del ep\u00edtopo neutralizante, o flanque\u00e1ndolo, act\u00faa como escudo para los\u00a0anticuerpos preformados.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text el_class=\u00bbaviso\u00bb]<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a9 Laboratorios Hipra, S.A. 2026. Reservados todos los derechos.<br \/>\nNinguna parte de este sitio web o cualquiera de sus contenidos puede ser reproducida, copiada, modificada o adaptada, sin el consentimiento previo por escrito de HIPRA.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row top_padding=\u00bb30&#8243; row_id=\u00bbreferencias\u00bb][vc_column width=\u00bb1\/1&#8243;]<div class=\"toggle\"><div class=\"toggle-title \"><i class='fa fal fa-book'><\/i>Referencias<\/div><div class=\"toggle-inner\"><p>\n<ul>\n<li>Albina E, Carrat C, Charley B. Interferon-alpha response to swine arterivirus (PoAV), the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 1998, 18:485-90.<\/li>\n<li>Ansari IH, Kwon B, Osorio FA, Pattnaik AK. Influence of N-linked glycosylation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus GP5 on virus infectivity, antigenicity, and ability to induce neutralizing antibodies. 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Este hecho provocar\u00eda\u00a0un retraso en la movilizaci\u00f3n de la inmunidad adaptativa y, consecuentemente, una\u00a0producci\u00f3n baja de AN. Existencia de un ep\u00edtopo de distracci\u00f3n inmunodominante en la GP5 cercano\u00a0al ep\u00edtopo neutralizante: Un ep\u00edtopo no neutralizante e inmunodominante se\u00a0localiza cerca de un ep\u00edtopo neutralizante. La respuesta humoral pronunciada y\u00a0temprana estar\u00eda dirigida en primer lugar hacia el ep\u00edtopo dominante, mientras\u00a0que la respuesta frente al ep\u00edtopo que induce la producci\u00f3n de AN tendr\u00eda lugar\u00a0mucho m\u00e1s tarde. Glicolisaci\u00f3n en, o flanqueando, los ep\u00edtopos neutralizantes: Las prote\u00ednas de\u00a0membrana est\u00e1n frecuentemente modificadas mediante la inserci\u00f3n de cadenas de\u00a0az\u00facar conocidas como glicanos. Los N-glicanos son el tipo de glicanos que se pueden\u00a0encontrar en el virus del PRRS. La presencia de estos compuestos en los ep\u00edtopos\u00a0neutralizantes, o flanque\u00e1ndolos, puede actuar como un escudo que enmascarar\u00eda\u00a0los ep\u00edtopos e interferir\u00eda con la avidez y especificidad de los anticuerpos. El patr\u00f3n\u00a0de localizaci\u00f3n y la cantidad de estas glicosilaciones var\u00eda seg\u00fan los [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":17056,"parent":20627,"menu_order":5,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_cbd_carousel_blocks":"[]","yasr_overall_rating":0,"yasr_post_is_review":"","yasr_auto_insert_disabled":"","yasr_review_type":"Product","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-20670","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yasr_visitor_votes":{"number_of_votes":0,"sum_votes":0,"stars_attributes":{"read_only":false,"span_bottom":false}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20670","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20670"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20670\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":20957,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20670\/revisions\/20957"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20627"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/17056"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20670"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=20670"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prrscontrol.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=20670"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}