6 Routes of administration: Intramuscular versus intradermal

Currently all commercial vaccines are indicated for intramuscular administration. However, few of them are also indicated to inject by intradermal route.

Compared to conventional intramuscular administration, intradermal injection in pigs are usually carried out using needle-free jet injectors.

Needle-free administration in dermis offers important practical and immunity advantages over conventional intramuscular administration by methods based on needles and syringes:

Advantages:

  • Less invasive: reduce the pain and stress to pigs.
  • Lower risk of iatrogenic transmission.
  • Reduce stress to manipulators.
  • Increase the uniformity of the dosage administered to the herd.
  • Dermis is a tissue rich in immune cells: comparable immune responses or even higher.
  • Slow and gradual local absorption: more time to capture the antigen.

And few disadvantages:

  • Only small quantities allowed.
  • Jet injector is needed.

As it can be seen in the graph, skin contains a high concentration of immune cells, among them dendritic cells -resident or recruited from the blood stream-, and lymphocytes B and T.

Therefore, this placement is particularly rich in antigen-presenting cells, being an ideal location for injection.

Theoretically, the delivery of vaccines in the dermis may result in superior immune responses when compared to intramuscular injections, as antigen has two synergistic pathways to activate lymphocytes Th:

  • Active transport: stimulation of resident dendritic cells in the dermis and migration to lymph nodes.
  • Passive transport: activation of resident dendritic cells in lymph nodes by antigen passive arrival.

Some studies have been specifically designed to compare immune responses between these two routes of administration.

Total antibodies measured by ELISA seem similar; however, the intradermal administration can confer higher levels of cell-mediated immune response than the intramuscular route.

It is important to note that results should not be extrapolated to other vaccines.

In vitro studies have demonstrated that different strains have variable effects on the expression of immunologically relevant cell-surface molecules and cytokine production in dendritic cells.

As dermis is rich in dendritic cells, immune responses and efficacy after intradermal administration should be assessed for each vaccine strain.

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