1 Types of vaccines against PRRS

At present, there are over 30 vaccines, although some of them are only available in their country of origin.

Virtually, all these vaccines are based on live virus (modified live virus, MLV) or inactivated virus (IV), both on PRRSV1 and PRRSV2 – there are only two exceptions based on PRRSV2 subunits -, being MLVs the predominating vaccines used in the field nowadays.

Unfortunately, existing vaccines are of unsatisfactory efficacy, since they can not afford a complete and/or universal protection.

In general, commercial vaccines offer good virological and clinical protection against a genetically homologous challenge; however, the efficacy against heterologous strains are very variable.

Pharmaceutical companies and research institutions devote continuous efforts to develop better vaccines against this virus.

However, experimental vaccines -including recombinant vectors expressing viral proteins, DNA and subunit vaccines, to name just a few examples-, have not been able to overcome the immune evasion strategies and the extremely high genetic diversity of PRRS virus; therefore, their best efficacy has been considered as good as live vaccines.

Either in a given farm or in a region, management, biosecurity, monitoring and vaccination are the pillars on which a PRRS control plan must be based.

immune respones prrs virus vaccines

Desirable properties of vaccines against PRRS virus:

  • Rapid induction of (long-lasting) immunity.
  • Cross-protection against a wide range of strains, or at least against those strains more prevalent in a region.
  • Need for few doses.
  • Low or null excretion and transmission of the virus vaccine.
  • DIVA (Differentiate Infected from Vaccinated Animals), or at least not complicate diagnostic tests.
  • Compliance of administration ensured.
  • Other: inexpensive, safe, few side effects, easy to administer, single dose…

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References

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  • Mengeling WL, Lager KM, Vorwald AC, Koehler KJ. Strain specificity of the immune response of pigs following vaccination with various strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Vet Microbiol. 2003, 93:13-24.
  • Miranda J, Torrents D, Busquet M, Fenech M, Mateu E, Díaz I. Heterologous cell-mediated immune responses against PRRS virus in gilts vaccinated intramuscularly and intradermally with UNISTRAIN® PRRS. 2015, 7th International Symposium on Emerging and Re-emerging Pig Diseases.
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