2 So… are the current PRRS virus vaccines useful?

Although several vaccines are available worldwide, we know that they do not provide full and universal protection against PRRS virus infection.

As stated above, there are two main reasons behind this problem:

  • The virus has high genetic diversity.
  • The virus strongly modulates the immune responses.

So… one question arises, are PRRS virus vaccines useful? The answer is plain and straightforward: YES, ABSOLUTELY.

 Although vaccination does not necessarily provide full protection against the infection, it can reduce the impact of the disease. 

Protection afforded by vaccines has been evaluated at both individual and population levels.

Vaccines have demonstrated to be useful to protect partially (heterologous challenge) or totally (homologous challenge) against transplacental infection.

Due to the high genetic variability of PRRS virus, all infections in the field should be considered as heterologous; nevertheless, in heterologous cases vaccines can provide significant levels of protection in terms of reproductive disorders -improving the reproductive performance and piglet viability-.

Partial or total clinical and/or virological protection have been also demonstrated in piglets.

  • Vaccines have beneficial effects in terms of clinical protection.
  • Vaccines can reduce the proportion of viraemic pigs and the duration of the viraemia.
  • Vaccines can reduce PRRS virus shedding in oral fluids.
  • Reproductive rate (R) is significantly reduced in vaccinated piglets (please see How to quantify the PRRS virus transmission? in the Epidemiology section).
  • Vaccines can minimise the transmission of the virus.
  • Piglet vaccination may be a useful tool to control virus dissemination within the population
  • In breeding herds, production parameters are recovered sooner by immunising gilts with vaccines than by live virus inoculation.

In order to ensure the best performance after vaccination, two main factors need to be considered:

  • A combination of actions and measures are essential: management and biosecurity.
  • Some time is needed to reach a minimum level of immunity.

Some tips to increase vaccination efficacy:

  • Improve management and biosecurity: In general, vaccines are not substitutes for good management and biosecurity measures. This fact becomes particularly relevant in the case of PRRS.
  • Follow label guidelines: storage, doses, handling.
  • Vaccines must be only mixed with other vaccines/drugs/products when authorized: Only registered mixtures have demonstrated for the final product a similar efficacy, at least, than vaccines separately. Purposefully, during the registration process in the drug agencies authorized mixtures must prove the stability of the components (the duration of the stability is stated in the label guidelines).

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References

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