Desafortunadamente, en la actualidad la respuesta es CATEGÓRICAMENTE NO.
No es posible predecir el nivel de protección que una determinada cepa o vacuna de campo conferirá frente a una infección con otra cepa
Como ya se ha comentado, la diversidad del virus es extrema en muchos aspectos (consultar capítulo 3 “¿Qué es el virus del PRRS?”). Además, todavía existen brechas importantes en el conocimiento que tenemos sobre la inmunología de este virus, como la identificación exacta de los epítopos de las células T y de los AN que pueden inducir una respuesta protectora.
En este sentido, cuando se secuencian las GP3, GP4 y GP5, no existe correlación entre la neutralización de los aislados y la secuencia de epítopos neutralizantes ya descritos o el número de sitios de glicosilación en distintas proteínas.
Es un hecho comprobado que si una cepa dada induce altos niveles de AN y/o inmunidad mediada por células, la capacidad de protección puede ser mayor; sin embargo, estamos hablando de probabilidades.
¿Podemos usar secuencias del genoma para predecir el nivel de protección entre cepas?
Cuando se comparan secuencias de diferentes cepas (solo GP5, o todas las proteínas estructurales o incluso el genoma completo), se observa que la protección que otorga una vacuna o una cepa de campo concretas frente a otra cepa no la podemos predecir comparando simplemente la similitud genética.
La similitud genética no es un buen predictor del grado de inmunidad protectora que confiere una vacuna.
Factores que pueden influir en la protección frente a la reinfección:
- La capacidad específica del virus utilizado en la inmunización para inducir AN o CPIFN-γ y para modular la respuesta inmunológica.
- La resistencia a la neutralización del virus responsable de la reinfección. La capacidad específica del virus responsable de la reinfección para modular la respuesta inmunológica.
- Otros: tiempo transcurrido desde la vacunación (el desarrollo de la inmunidad frente al virus del PRRS es lento), presión de infección, etc.
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